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NMDA受体拮抗药氯胺酮对内隐记忆的影响

时间:2010-08-24 11:31:17  来源:  作者:

Effects of NMDA Receptor Antagonist Ketamine on Implicit Memory<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

Abstract

Objective:To study the effect of ketamine on patients retrograde amnesia and implicit memory.
Methods:45 patients, ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ degree, 30~55 years old, were selectively choosen to be underwent lower limb operations under epidural anaesthesia. The different bolus dosages of ketamine were given in operation. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups, each group including 15 cases. Ketamine 25 mg, ketamine 50 mg and placebo were injected introvenously in group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ respectively. ECG, BP, HR, SpO2, RR and BIS, SEF 95% were monitored. The retrogade amnesia was investigated after the patients came to themselves from ketamine used. The data of muddy identified hearing rate was collected to analyse the effect on implicit memory 8 hours after ketamine was given.
Results:After ketamine was given, the BP and HR were higher than basetine (P<0.05=. All patients could remember the events occured before ketamine was given. There was no significant difference in the muddy identified hearing rate between group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ.
Conclusion:After different bolus dosages of ketamine were given, there were no retrograde amnesia and no effect on patient's implicit memory.
Key words:NMDA receptor; Antagonist; Ketamine; Implicit memory; Retrograde amnesia

  研究表明NMDA受体与记忆有关[1]氯胺酮作为NMDA受体拮抗药,与疼痛有密切关系,但是否对患者产生逆行性遗忘及内隐记忆影响,尚未见报道。本研究拟通过单次静脉注射NMDA受体拮抗药氯胺酮,观察其对逆行性遗忘和内隐记忆的影响。

资料和方法

  选择45例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级、无精神异常、无记忆障碍、无脑血管疾病和颅内占位病变的择期下肢手术患者,年龄44.0±8.4岁,身高161.0±6.3 cm,体重64.0±5.6 kg,随机均分为三组。硬膜外麻醉成功后,手术中静脉注射单次剂量氯胺酮25 mg(Ⅰ)、50 mg(Ⅱ)或空白对照(Ⅲ)。术中常规监测ECG、BP、HR、SpO2和RR;用美国 Aspect A-1000脑电监护仪监测双频谱指数(BIS)和95%谱边界频率(SEF95%)。记忆调查:在注射氯胺酮前,给患者讲两句相同的话,待患者意识完全恢复正常后,了解患者对两句话有无逆行性遗忘的情况。内隐记忆调查:术后8 h通过模糊辨听率的调查方法[2]判断药物作用消失后是否存在内隐记忆影响。统计学处理:采用第四军医大学统计学教研室开发的SPLM统计软件包进行处理。组间采用独立样本t检验,P<0.05认为有显著性差异。

结 果<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

一、三组患者的年龄、身高、体重及文化程度无统计学差异。
二、血流动力学

  
、Ⅱ组用药后BPHR,与入室前、麻醉后及对照组相比,有一定上升(P<0.05)。用药后组与组相比,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。随时间延长血压与心率逐渐恢复。三组SpO2RR的变化相似,无差异。
三、逆行性遗忘
  所有患者都能回忆用药前所告诉的两句话。
四、内隐记忆
  术后
8 h的模糊辨听率,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与对照组相比,无显著性差异。
五、脑电数据
  用药后
BIS Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与对照组比较无显著性差异;SEF95%5 min组与组较用药前明显下降(P<0.05);Ⅰ组与组之间无差异,较对照组明显下降(P<0.05)。

讨 论

  氯胺酮属苯环已哌啶类静脉麻醉药,能产生确切的体表镇痛及分离麻醉现象,即兴奋延髓和边缘系统,抑制丘脑。本研究采用硬膜外麻醉阻滞伤害性脊髓反应。静脉注射氯胺酮后患者均出现一过性BP、HR轻度升高,以剂量较大的组升高显著,说明兴奋性效应与剂量相关。Newcomer[3]证实静脉应用氯胺酮后,会产生陈述性记忆(即外显记忆)及认知功能损害,并出现精神分裂症状;Machortra[4]证实健康志愿者应用氯胺酮后,会产生自由回忆及认知和注意力损害。本研究也观察到患者于用药后短期内,出现一过性定向力不佳及术中事件记忆消失。

氯胺酮对中枢神经系统可产生广泛的双相作用,使之处于局部兴奋与局部抑制的状态,OAA/S评分始终不低于3分,临床上处于浅睡眠而对外界刺激信号不产生反应的状态,即中枢对外界的传入信息无法正确辩识[5]但所有接受氯胺酮的患者均未产生逆行性遗忘,说明氯胺酮可能仅对信息传导过程有影响,而对信息储存并无影响。术后调查患者的模糊辨听率,与对照组相比无明显差异,表明只损害陈述性记忆(外显记忆)而对非陈述性记忆(内隐记忆)无影响,这种现象称之为分离现象,常见于遗忘症患者。外显记忆和内隐记忆有不同的神经通路,分析可能与氯胺酮只影响边缘系统(外显记忆神经通路),对内隐记忆神经通路基底神经节的影响轻微有关。另外,术后多数患者有不愉快经历和精神紧张的自诉,这可能与所用的氯胺酮为消旋体有关。有研究报道[6]提纯的左旋氯胺酮其麻醉作用更强,而精神症状副作用较消旋氯胺酮少。因此,如何进一步消除氯胺酮的副作用,使患者产生良好的睡眠,有待于进一步研究。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

参考文献
1. Wagner BK, O'Hara DA, Hammond JS. Drugs for Amnesia in the ICU. Am J Crit Care 1997,6:192~201; quiz 202.
2. 朱滢.启动效应-无意识的记忆.见《当代心理学研究》.北京:北京大学出版社 1993:137~138.
3. Newcomer JW, Farber NB, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, et al. Ketamine-induced NMDA receptor hypofunction as a model of memory impairment and psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999,20:106~18.
4. Malhotra AK, Pinals DA, Weingartner H, et al. NMDA receptor function and human cognition : the effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996,14:301~7.
5. Pfenninger E, Baier C, Claus S, et al. Psychometric changes as well as analgesic action and cardiovascular adverse effects of ketamine racemate versus s-(+)-ketamine in subanaesthetic doses. Anaesthesist 1994, 43,Suppl 2:S68~75.
6. 刘俊杰,赵俊主编.现代麻醉学,第二版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1997.285~288.

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