A Clinical Study of Ropivacaine Plus Fentanyl in Epidural Aneasthesia For Caesarean Section 施永平 赵普文 余大松 国际和平妇幼保健院麻醉科,上海 200030 Yong-ping Shi,Pu-wen Zhao,Da-song Yu Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital,Shanghai, 200030<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> ABSTRACT Objective: To observe the effects and side effects of ropivacaine plus fentanyl in epidural anesthesia for caesarean section. Methods: Sixty parturients (ASA I~II) scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomly allocated into two groups: patients in group R (n=30) were given 0.75% ropivacaine with 4.5μg•ml-1 fentanyl , or 2% xylocaine with 5μg•ml-1 epinephrine in group L (n=30). In all patients epidural space L2-3 was punctured and the catheter was put upward 3cm. Local anaesthetic agents were administered until a complete sensory block was established extending upper the 8th thoracic dermatome. BP,ECG ,SpO2, sensory block and motor block , neonatal outcome and side effects were observed and recorded in the operation. Results: There were no significant difference in ECG, SpO2, the maximum cephalic sensory spread , and Apgar scores. The onset time of analgesia to T8 were shorter in group R than group L( P<0.05). The scores of intraoperative pain were significantly better in group R than that in group L. Motor block were weaker in group R. At 15 min after epidural block ,SBP and DBP were decresed significantly (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in the side effects (tachycardia, nausea, vomiting and shivering). Conclusions: epidural administration of 0.75% ropivacaine with 4.5μg•ml-1 fentanyl can be applied safely and effectively to cesarean section. Key words: Ropivacaine ; Fentanyl; Anesthesia, epidural; cesarean section Corresponding author: Puwen Zhao;zhaopw2002@yahoo. com.cn
罗哌卡因是一种新型长效酰胺类局麻药[1],对中枢神经及心血管毒性发生率低[2] 。我们观察0.75%罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于硬膜外麻醉行剖宫产手术,旨在评价其临床效果及不良反应。 |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 资料与方法 一般资料: ASA I~II级无产科并发症、择期行剖宫产术患者60例随机分成罗哌卡因组(R组)、利多卡因组(L组),每组30例。R组,局麻药为0.75%罗哌卡因内含芬太尼4.5μg•ml-1;L组,2%盐酸利多卡因内含盐酸肾上腺素5μg•ml-1。 麻醉方法: 患者入室后建立静脉通道,取L2-3间隙行硬膜外穿刺,向头侧置管3cm,平卧后注入试验剂量3ml, 5分钟后无全脊麻症象,再每隔 5分钟注入4~5ml局麻药,至麻醉平面达T8以上。围麻醉期中,患者血压下降超过基础值的30%或低于90mmHg, 给予麻黄碱10mg静脉推注;患者心率低于60次/分给于阿托品0.5mg 静脉推注。 监测: (1) 常规观察心电图、氧饱和度、血压和心率。(2)记录麻醉达T8所需时间,术中每15分钟测定一次平面的上界并记录麻醉最高平面直至手术结束。(3)对产妇术中疼痛进行评分;0级,麻醉失败需改全麻;I级,镇痛效果一般,中等或持续疼痛,需要辅助用药;II级镇痛效果良好,腹肌松软,轻微牵拉痛;III级,镇痛效果好,腹肌松软,病人安静无反应。(4)在切皮前和手术结束时采用改良的Bromage分级(MBS)[3]评估下肢运动能力: 0级,无运动阻滞,能自如抬起大腿;1级,不能抬起大腿;2级,不能曲膝;3级,不能弯曲踝关节。(5)记录新生儿出生即刻、5分钟、10分钟 Apgar评分。(6)记录术中不良反应如恶心、呕吐、寒颤、胸闷并在术后24小时予以随访。 统计分析: 计量资料以均数±标准差表示,用t检验进行统计学处理,计数资料用卡方检验,P<0.05有统计学差异。 |
结 果 一般情况: R组年龄为(30.26±4.59)岁,身高为(163.00±4.38)cm, 体重为(73.25±10.45)kg ;L组年龄为(28.46±5.04)岁,身高为(161.23±4.22)cm,体重为(73.98±7.95)kg ,两组间均无差异(P>0.05)。局麻药总量 R组为13.77ml±2.04ml(103.28mg±15.3mg), L组局麻药总量为17.17ml±3.45ml(343.4mg±60.9mg) 。 芬太尼用量为61.96±9.18μg。术中EKG、SpO2未见异常。 麻醉感觉阻滞: 最高平面R组T3-T8,中位数T6,最低达S5, L组最高平面T2-T6,中位数T5,最低达S5, (P>0.05)。麻醉达T8所需时间,R组平均15.06分钟,L组平均17.2分钟,两组比较有显著性差异, P<0.05。 术中两组麻醉效果均能达到临床满意要求,麻醉效果评定R组II级3例,III级27例;L组II 级10例,III级20例,牵拉痛大多发生在娩出胎儿时,两组比较R组镇痛效果优于L组,P<0.05。 下肢运动神经阻滞: Bromage评分: 切皮前R组0级29例,1级1例; L组0级25例,1级5例, 组间比较,P>0.05; 手术结束时R组0级21例,1级3例,2级4例,3级2例; L组0级7例,1级1例,2级5例,3级17例。组间比较,P<0.05,有显著性差异。 血流动力学改变:麻醉后10-15分钟两组收缩压、舒张压均有不同程度的下降,与麻醉前比较P<0.05。心率的改变两组与术前比较无显著差异。 对新生儿影响: Apgar评分除利多卡因组1例娩出时评为9分,5分钟后为10分外,其余两组59例均为10分。不良反应: 低血压发生率两组相似(30%和33%),心动过缓、胸闷、恶心呕吐和寒颤的发生率见表1,各组之间比较无显著差异。 |
讨 论 <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 罗哌卡因是一种纯左旋式同分异构体长效酰胺类局麻药, 因其对中枢神经及心血管毒性低,在产科剖宫产和镇痛分娩的使用日益广泛。芬太尼是合成的阿片类药,其结构与苯基六氢吡啶有关,主要激动μ受体,效力是吗啡的80倍。硬膜外和鞘内给药时镇痛效果显著[3]。Peach 等[4]用0.5%布比卡因复合芬太尼100μg用于硬膜外剖宫产术,通过对母婴临床观察和对母亲血浆及胎儿脐带血芬太尼浓度行药物动力学分析,认为对产妇和新生儿无不利影响,并且镇痛效果显著。 Irestedt L等[5]报道,0.75%罗哌卡因用于剖宫产手术最适剂量为150mg。本文复合芬太尼后的罗哌卡因用药量为103+15.3mg, 但用芬太尼后局麻药用量明显减少,与Kanai Y等研究相似[6]本研究结果表明0.75%罗哌卡因伍用芬太尼用于硬膜外剖宫产感觉阻滞效果良好,与利多卡因组比较镇痛效果更为满意。麻醉起效早于利多卡因组。运动神经阻滞程度明显弱于利多卡因组,取得良好的运动--感觉阻滞分离效果,产妇感觉舒适,有利于产妇早期活动、早日康复。 两组主要不良反应为低血压和心动过速。低血压大多发生在麻醉15分钟后,其发生率分别为30%和33%。主要原因为阻滞平面以下交感神经受抑,血管扩张,阻力下降及增大的子宫压迫下腔静脉等,这些都可引起不同程度的血压下降,通过改变体位、快速输液、分次给予麻黄素等措施可予以纠正。心动过速的发生率较高和产妇的生理特点有关。 新生儿Apgar评分,两组无明显差异,表明罗哌卡因伍用芬太尼和利多卡因用于硬膜外剖宫产对新生儿同样是安全的。 综上所述,0 .75%罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于硬膜外麻醉剖宫产手术,具有麻醉用药量少、麻醉镇痛效果好、产妇舒适、母婴安全、副作用少、术后恢复快等特点,可作为剖宫产的麻醉方法之一。
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