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手术部位对成年人择期手术后早期低氧血症的影响

时间:2010-08-24 11:34:50  来源:  作者:

The Influence of Surgical Sites on Early Postoperative Hypoxemia in Adults Undergoing Elective Surgery<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

 

林烨 王培山 薛富善 李平 孙海涛 佟世义 廖旭

江苏省昆山市人民医院麻醉科,江苏省昆山215300

河南省新乡市中心医院,河南省新乡市453000

中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学整形外科医院麻醉科,北京100041

Ye Lin.

Pei-shan wang .

Fu-shan Xue ,Ping Li,Hai-too Sun,Shi-yi Tong,Xu Liao.

Department of Anesthesiology, The Kunshan People’s Hospital,Kunshan 215300,Jiangsu Province.

Department of Anesthesiology,The Xinxiang Centrai Hospital,Xinxiang 453000,Henan Province.

Department of Anesthesiology,piastic Surgery Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medicai Sciences and Peking Union MedicalCollege,Beijing 100041

ABSTRACT<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

Objective:To determine the influence of the surgical sites on early postoperative hypoxemia in aducts.

Methods:994 ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱadult patients,aged 18~68 years and scheduled for various kinds of elective surgery,were divided into three groups on the basis of the surgical sites:Group Ⅰ,elective superficial plastic surgery(n=228);Group Ⅱ,upper abdominal surgery(n=452);and Group Ⅱ,thoracoabdominal surgery (n=254).Anesthesia was maintained with 1%~2% enflurane and 67%nitrous oxide in oxygen; thiopental or fentanyl was given i.v.as required.Arterial oxygen saturation(SpO2)levels wererecorded while patients were recorded while patients were breathing room air shortly after arrival in the recovery room(0min),and 5,10,15,20,30,40,50,60,120,and 180min thereafter.

Results:During the early postoperative period,the degree of arterial desaturation and the incidences of hypoxemia(SpO2=86%~90%)and severe hypoxemia (SpO2≤85%)were closely related to the operative sites,with the greatest level for thoracoabdominal operation,less for the upper abdominal operation and least for the peripheral surgery.The incidence of hypoxemia and severe hypoxemia in the recovery room were 7%and 0.7%respectively in Group Ⅰ,38%and 3% in GroupⅡ,and 52%and 20% in Group Ⅲ.Mild airway obstruction and hypothermia in the postanaesthetic recovery unit were the predictive factors of early postoperative hypoxemia.

Conclusions:The severity of arterial desaturation and the incidence of hypoxemia during early postoperative period are closely related to the surgical sites,and are strongest for thoracoabdominal surgery, less for upper abdominal surgery and least for peripheral surgery.

Key words:Surgical site;Early postoperative period;Hypoxemia

Corresponding author:Fu-shan Xue;E-mail:fruitXue@yahoo.com.cn 


  手术后早期低氧血症是一种常见的手术后并发症,可对患者围手术期安全构成极大的威胁。研究发现,手术后早期低氧血症的发生与患者的年龄、性别、体重、吸烟嗜好、心肺并存疾病以及麻醉时间和手术中啊片类药物的应用等许多因素均有关系[1-4],但它与手术部位的关系目前尚不清楚。为此,本研究对施择期体表形外科手术、上腹部手术和胸腹联合手术成年患者的手术后早期低氧血症发生率、严重性和持续时间进行了观察,旨在探讨手术部位对成年患者择期手术后早期低氧血症与影响。

 

材料与方法<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级施择期手术的成年患者944例,年龄18~68岁。根据手术部位将他们分为3组:Ⅰ组为施体表整形外科手术的患者(n=288例);Ⅱ组为施上腹部手术的患者(n=452例);Ⅲ组为施胸腹联合手术的患者(n=254例)。患者的一般资料见表1。本资料不包括患有心肺疾病、有长期吸引史和贫血(血红蛋白<8g/L)的患者,体重超出标准体重10%的患者亦排除在外。标准体重(kg)的计算方法为50+0.9×(身高-152)(男性)或45.4+0.9×(身高-152)(女性)。

麻醉前1h肌肉注射地西泮0.2mg/kg(最大10mg)和东莨菪碱5ug/kg。采用硫喷妥钠4~6mg/kg、芬太尼5ug/kg和琥珀胆碱1.5mg/kg诱导麻醉,气管插管;然后吸入1%~2%恩氟烷-67%N2O-O2维持麻醉,间断静脉注射维库溴铵或潘库溴铵维持肌肉松弛。手术中采用机械通气(潮气量8~10ml/kg,频率12~15次/min),并持续监测ECG、心率、血压和SpO2。Ⅲ组患者手术中还需进行单肺通气,但在此期间不再使用N2O,并维持呼末CO2分压在正常水平。

麻醉结束时,全部患者均在停吸N2O后以100%氧通气至少5min,并采用新期的明0.07mg/kg。采用硫喷妥钠4~6mg/kg、芬太尼5ug/kg和琥珀胆碱1.5mg/kg诱导麻醉,间断静脉注射维库溴铵或潘库溴铵维持肌肉松弛。手术中采用机械通气(潮气量8~10ml/kg,频率12~15次/min)并持续监测ECG、心率、血压和SpO2。Ⅲ组患者手术中还需进行单肺通气,但在此期间不再使用N2O,并维持呼末CO2分压在正常水平。

麻醉结束时,全部患者均在停吸N2O后以100%氧通气至少5min,并采用新期的明0.07mg/kg和啊托品0.03mg/kg拮抗参与肌肉松弛作用;待患者的上呼吸道保护性反射和呼吸功能恢复满意后,在手术室内拔管。然后评估其呼吸道状况并用面罩吸100%氧3~5min,再以头低5℃位将患者送回麻醉恢复室。到达麻醉回复室即可(0min)和5、10、15、20、30、40、50、60、120和180min时,记录患者呼吸空气状态下的SpO2。根据SpO2水平将患者分类为:①无低氧症(SpO2≥91%);②低氧血症(SpO2=86%~90%);③严重低氧血症(SpO2≤85%)[1]。如果SpO2降低至85%,立即用面罩给100%氧。在麻醉恢复室,由专门的工作人员观察并记录患者的呼吸功能状态,呼吸道梗阻程度的评分如下:①无;②轻度(轻度鼾声但通气满意);③中度(需要体位的变化或者鼻咽通气道);④严重(梗阻性呼吸停止或伴随通气紊乱的重度鼾声或需要再次气管插管)。

全部数据输入计算机,并用上海科技出版社编撰的POMS统计学程序进行分析。统计学方法包括方差分析、t检验和卡方检验析等。P<0.05为有显著性差异。

 

结 果

除住院时间之外,各组患者的基本情况无明显差异,(表1).所有患者均顺利完成手术,手术中无严重失血发生,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组患者的平均失血量分别为(315±187)ml、(298±124)ml和(375±164)ml,各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。Ⅲ组患者手术中应用单肺通气的时间为(1.2±0.8)h(45min~2.2h)。

到达麻醉恢复室时,除有65例患者表现有轻度上呼吸道梗阻外,其余所有患者通气良好。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组患者轻度上呼吸道梗阻的发生率分别为5.6%、7.1%和6.7%,各组间无明显差异。三组患者中无中度或严重上呼吸道梗阻或需要人工通气支持的情况发生,亦无患者因手术中应用芬太尼而出现潮气量充足但呼吸频率小于10次/min的呼吸抑制现象。

本研究和其他许多研究均证实,患者在手术后早期容易发生严整的动脉脱氧饱和[1.6.7.15.16],提示在此期间应严密监视低氧血症的发生,并积极进行治疗,尤其是对实施上腹部手术和胸腹联合手术的患者更应如此。在没有可靠动脉氧合监测的情况下,所有全身麻醉患者在手术后早期均应常规给予吸氧[17],但随着脉搏氧饱和仪应用的普及,对麻醉恢复室血氧饱和度满意饱和且发生低氧血症危险很小的患者也可不必常规进行氧治疗[18]在本研究中,当患者的SpO2≤85%时,给予氧治疗均能有效提行高其SpO2值至安全水平,避免低氧血症危害的发生。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

总之,本研究证实手术后早期动脉脱氧饱和的严重性以及低氧血症的发生率和持续时间均与手术部位关系密切,其中以胸腹部联合手术后出现的这种变化最为明显,上腹部手术次之,而外周手术则最轻微。这一结果提示,在手术后早期应严密监测患者低氧血症的发生,并及时给予治疗,即使在实施简单择期整形外科手术的健康成年患者亦应如此,而对于实施上腹部手术和胸腹联合手术的患者则尤其必要。

 

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