您当前的位置:首页 > 主题内容 > 临床麻醉 > 基础与临床研究

中度急性等容性血液稀释对凝血功能的影响

时间:2010-08-24 11:35:04  来源:  作者:

 

Effect of Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution with 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch (HES,200/0.5) on Coagulation<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

 

朱倩 张晔 张滨 田鸣

首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院麻醉科,北京 100050

Qian Zhu,Ye Zhang,Bin Zhang,Ming Tian

Department of Anesthesiology,Beijing Friendship Hospital,Capital University of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100050,China

  

ABSTRACT

  Objective:To evaluate the influence of preoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution with 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES,200/0.5) on coagulation.

  Methods:Twenty ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ patients scheduled for elective surgery were randomly assigned to receive 6% HES,whose body weight was 65.3±10.9kg,baseline hemoglobin was 124.52±7.26g/L,and baseline hematocrit was 36.88±2.57%,and patients underwent moderate hemodilution to a target hematocrit of 25~30%. Patients with coagulation abnormalities or kidney dysfunction were excluded from the study. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam,propofol,fentanyl and vecuronium and maintained with inhalation of isoflurane and intermittent intravenous boluses of fentanyl and vecuronium. The patients were mechanically ventilated and PaO2 and PaCO2 were maintained with normal range. After blood was harvested from radial artery and collected in CPDA blood bags contanining anticoagulant before the onset of surgical blood loss,and at the same time replaced with HES (equal volume). Blood routine,prothrombin time (PT),activated partial thromoplastin time (aPTT),fibrinogen level and sonoclot measurements were obtained at similar time points in the procedure. The time points were before and 15min after hemodilution and retransfusion of autologous blood.

<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

 

  Results:1)Hct was 27.71±1.81%,between 25% and 30%,and relative hemodilution degree was 24.8±3.8% after hemodilution. The average volume of collected blood was 44.2±4.2ml (11.5±6.7ml/kg),and the volume of HES for hemodilution was 744.1±82.3ml.(2)There was no marked change in heart rate P>0.05). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was decreased from 89.3±4.6mmHg to 82.9±5.6mmHg (P<0.01),while its fluctuation did not exceed ±20% still. The central venous pressure (CVP) was not higher than the value of baseline plus 3cmH2O. (3)Both partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) were in normal range. The values of pH and sodium ion (Na+) concentration remained unchanged (P>0.05). The concentrations of  Potassium ion (K+) and ionic calcium (iCa2+) after hemodilution were less than those of before hemodilution (P<0.01). The concentrations of K+ and iCa2+ would increase after retransfusion of the autologous blood (P<0.01),but were in normal range. (4) After hemodilution,aPTT and PT were prolonged respectively from 30.50±4.50s,12.66±1.03s to 34.48±3.62s,14.14±0.86s (P<0.01). But they were both less 1.5 times than the normal values respectively. After retransfusion,both of them could be retrieved (P<0.01). Activated clotting time (ACT) had no changes all the while (P>0.05). After hemodilution Fib decreased significantly (P<0.01),but it still away above the critical value (0.75g/L),and CR decreased from 26.1±7.1 U/min to 17.5±6.6 U/min(P<0.01). Both of them increases significantly after retransfusion (P<0.01). (5)Plt after hemodilution is less than that of before hemodilution significantly (P<0.01). But the value did not exceed the critical value (50×109/L). PF decreased significantly (P<0.01) and TP was significantly (P<0.01) prolonged after hemodilution. Plt,PF and TP were recovered to a great extent (P<0.01).

  Conclusions:1)It could be maintained that hemodynamics stability,oxygen supply and internal environment stability in the course of moderate ANH. (2)There was influence to some extent of moderate ANH with 6% HES on the function of coagulation. aPTT and PT were significantly prolonged after hemodilution,but they were still less 1.5 times than the normal values respectively. And ACT had no changes all the while. (3)Plt,PF and TP would be revovered to a great extent. So Platelet function could be shielded in ANH.

  Key words:Autotransfusion;Hemodilution;Blood coagulation;Sonoclot;6%HES

 

  异体输血引起的危险众所周知,其潜在危险主要包括:感染、输血反应、免疫抑制。在感染方面,大家更关心艾滋病和肝炎。近年来,输血引起免疫抑制和癌症复发亦引起人们的重视。据Tremper[1]报告,近10年来公众对输血的安全关注与日俱增,血液供应的安全性也有明显改善,但要想完全消除血中的病毒至今仍不可能。此外,异体血源的紧张及费用问题也促进了血液保护技术的发展。目前,自体输血主要可分为术前自体采血贮存技术(Preoperative Active Blood Donation,PABD)、急性血液稀释技术(Acute Hemodilution,AH)、术中及术后术区血液回收技术(Intraoperative and Postoperative Blood Salvage,IPBS)。

  急性等容性血液稀释(acute normovolemic hemodilution,ANH)是1946年发现的术中自体输血的一种方式,现已广泛应用于临床。ANH一般是在麻醉后和手术主要步骤开始之前,短时间内快速抽取患者预定量的自体血液贮存于手术间,同时补充等效容量的晶体液或胶体液,以此达到快速血液稀释的目的,有输血指征或手术结束前再将采集的新鲜自体血反顺序回输给患者。

<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

 

  血液稀释可以节约红细胞,其理论基础是其可降低循环中的红细胞浓度[2]Matot等[3]认为ANH如果正确用于合适的患者,稀释后,在手术过程中丢失的血红细胞浓度比没有进行ANH的要低,使手术中的实际出血量减少,以达到不输异体血或少输异体血的目的。

  ANH是唯一提供新鲜自体血液的方法,血液不发生生物化学改变,血小板及凝血因子功能基本不受影响,红细胞损失少。此方法适合于预计出血量为500~1500ml的手术。它可以降低血液粘滞性、增加心输出量、维持组织氧供需平衡,但目前尚对其所引起的血液成份及凝血功能变化缺乏比较全面的了解。本试验在研究以HES进行ANH时的血流动力学变化的基础上,采用传统的实验室凝血指标(PT、aPTT、Fib、Plt)和Sonoclot凝血和血小板功能分析仪器来观察血液稀释前后各项凝血功能参数的变化,进一步探讨NH对凝血功能的影响,指导临床应用。

 

  一、材料与方法

  1. 一般资料

  择期手术患者20例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,男11例,女9例,年龄45.4±13.5岁,体重65.3±10.9kg。包括椎管手术7例,关节置换术7例,肝部分切除术4例,口腔科手术2例。术前无心、肺、脑及肾疾病,血红蛋白(Hb)≥110g/L,红细胞压积(Hct)>33%,无凝血异常,近期未行抗凝治疗。

  2. 血液稀释

  患者入手术室后吸氧,接多功能心电监护、无创血压,脉氧饱和度。开放上肢静脉,输入乳酸钠林格氏液(RLS)8~10ml/kg。行右颈内静脉(或锁骨下静脉)及桡动脉穿刺,连续监测中心静脉压(CVP)和血压(BP)。均采用气管插管、静吸复合全麻。使用咪唑安定2~3mg、芬太尼2~4μg/kg、异丙酚1.5~2mg/kg、维库溴铵0.1mg/kg进行全麻诱导。异氟醚、维库溴铵、芬太尼、异丙酚,静吸复合维持麻醉。麻醉诱导插管后行机械通气,维持动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PCO2)正常水平。

  全麻诱导后从桡动脉采血,存入CPDA-1(内含枸橼酸-枸橼酸钠-磷酸二氢钠-葡萄糖-腺嘌呤-抗凝剂)袋中,采血应于麻醉后、手术主要出血步骤开始前完成。

  采血量参照Gross[4]公式

  VL为预计采血量;EBV为预计体内血容量,男性约体重(kg)×70(ml/kg),女性约体重(kg)×60(ml/kg);Hcto为稀释前红细胞压积;Hctf为稀释后预计红细胞压积;Hcta为Hcto和Hctf的平均值。

  采血同时按1:1比例同步、同速从外周静脉输入等量的6%HES,使Hct降至25~30%。在采血过程中,以心率(HR)、中心静脉压(CVP)、平均动脉压(MAP)稳定作为采血和输液速度适当的标准。术中持续输入6%HES和乳酸钠林格氏液,维持血流动力学稳定,保持血压、脉搏的变化在稀释前的±20%,中心静脉压变化范围在基础值±(2~3cmH2O)间。手术失血时,静脉补充与失血量相等的HES,同时补充RLS10~12ml/kg/h

  有输血指征(Hct<21%或Hb<7g/dl)或手术主要步骤完成后、整个手术结束前将采集的新鲜自体血反顺序回输给患者,即后采的先输、先采的后输。必要时才输异体同型血或悬浮红细胞,全部病例未用凝血药,术中未使用肝素。采集的血置于手术室的室温内,一般6h内回输,超过6h应置于冰箱内4℃条件下保存,并于24h内全部回输。

  3. 观察指标

  分别于血液稀释前、后15min及自体血回输前、后15min记录并采集血液标本。

  ①常规监测及血流动力学指标:心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP),心电图(EKG),脉氧饱和度(SpO2),呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)。

  ②血常规指标(Cell-DYN-D3200S):血红蛋白浓度(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血小板计数(Plt)。并计算出相对稀释度(见公式2)。

  ③动静脉血气分析指标(i-STAT血气分析仪):动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PCO2)、pH值、钠离子(Na+)、钾离子(K+)、游离钙离子(iCa2+)。

  ④常规实验室凝血功能指标(Sysmex CA-1500):血浆凝血酶原时间(Prothrombin Time,PT)评价内源性凝血途径完整性的参数,PT延长或缩短3s以上为异常;活化的部分凝血酶原时间(Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time,aPTT)评价内源性凝血途径完整性的参数,APTT延长或缩短10s以上为异常;纤维蛋白原定量(fibrinogen,Fib);国际标准化比值(International Normalized Ratio,INR)。

<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

 

  此外,术中、术后伤口并无异常出血、渗血。

  综上所述,用6%HES进行中度急性等容性血液稀释,患者循环稳定,氧供充分,内环境稳定。对机体凝血功能有一定的影响,但是对临床影响甚微。这与许多文献的报道一致。此外,ANH能部分保护血小板功能。因此,只要掌握好适应症,并严密监测凝血功能,进行中度ANH是安全有效的。

 

参考文献

1. Tremper KK. 48th Ann Reference Course LECTURES and Clin Update Pro gram Am Soc Anesthesiologists,1997,7:113.

2. Kl vekorn WP,Pichlmaier H,Ott E,et al. Akute praeoperative Haemodilution eine Moeglichkeit zu autologen Bluttransfusion. Chirurg,1974,45:452-458.

3. Matot I,Scheinin O,Jurim O,et al. Effectiveness of acute normovolemic hemodilution to minimize allogeneic blood transfusion in major liver resections. Anesthesiology,2003,98:in press.

4. Gross JB. Estimating allowable blood loss:corrected for dilution. Anesthesiology,1983,58:277-280.

5. Estafanous FG,Mekhail N,Yared JP. Advantages limitations of hemodilution. Semin Thorac Surg,1994,6:87-89.

6. Habler OP,Kleen MS,Podtschaske AH. et al. The dffect of acute normovolemic hemodilution on myocardial contractility in anesthetized dogs. Analg,1996,83 (2):451-458.

7. Leung JM,Weiskopf RB,Feiner J. et al. Electrocardiographic ST-segment change during acute severe isovolemic hemodilution in humans. Anesthesiology 2000,93(4):1004-1010.

8. Weiskopf,Richard B. Hemodilution and Candles.Anesthesiology 2002,97(4):773-775.

9. Van Der Linden P,Wathieu M,Gilbart E,et al. Cardiovascular effects of moderate normovolaemic haemodilution during enflurane-nitrous oxide ana esthesia in man. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994,38:490-498.

10. Ickx BE,Rigolet M,Van der Linden PJ. Cardiovascular and metabolic re-sponse to acute normovolemic anemia. Anesthesiology 2000,93:1001-1016.

来顶一下
返回首页
返回首页

本周热点文章

站内搜索: 高级搜索
关于我们 | 主编信箱 | 广告查询 | 联系我们 | 网站地图 |