要达到这一灌流量的关键是静脉插管要足够粗,而且要引流通畅。本实验采用的是14G静脉留置针,并且在针的前端可有多个侧孔,以保证引流通畅。有人采用16G或18G的静脉留置针,笔者认为其引流量偏小。只有保证静脉端的引流才能接近完全的CPB,完全CPB 的标志是在CPB 转流期间,动脉波的波动极小,基本成直线状态,并且伴有血压下降的表现。导管的最佳位置应该是位于右心房,但是由于是盲探性穿刺,所以有一定的失败率。本实验中,实验组9 只大鼠中有3只因为静脉插管穿破而失败。动脉灌注端采用的是22G静脉留置针穿刺股动脉,有文献介绍穿刺尾动脉进行灌注。笔者认为,如果是急性实验,穿刺股动脉比较方便,而且出血较少。本实验发现,穿刺尾动脉进行灌注时的渗血很严重而且不容易止血,所以认为在急性实验时应用股动脉穿刺效果较好。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 二、形态学检测 病理学检测的结果表明, DHCA (18℃, 90min) 后皮层、海马和丘脑3个脑区都出现数量不等的变性坏死神经元。超微结构主要表现为线粒体肿胀和胞浆内细胞器减少等改变。这一结果与Sakamoto 等[12] 和Shin’oka 等[13] 在猪DHCA 模型上观察到的结果相似,从而进一步证明本实验建立的DHCA 模型是成功的,同时也为进一步研究DHCA 术后神经功能障碍提供了形态学基础。 总之,本实验所建立的DHCA 模型与临床环境更加接近,可以在一定程度上代替大动物模型进行实验研究。当然,该模型还存在着以下缺陷: ①毕竟是闭胸CPB ,不能研究开胸的各种操作对于脑损伤的影响;②颈静脉插管需要学习一段时间才能掌握,在实验的初期阶段有一定的失败率;③由于是闭胸CPB,所以本模型不能达到类似大动物那种训练术者操作的目的。 参考文献 1. Davis EA, Gillinov AM, Cameron DE, et al. Hypothermic circulatory arrest as a surgical adjunct: a 52 year experience with 60 adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg,1992, 53 : 402-407. 2. Bellinger DC, Jonas RA, Rappaport LA, et al. Developmental and neurologic status of children after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med, 1995, 332: 549-555. 3. Ballaux PK, Gourlay T, Ratnatunga CP, et al. A literature review of cardiopulmonary bypass models for rats. Perfusion,1999, 14: 411-417. 4. Sasaki S, Takigami K, Shiiya N, et al. Partial cardiopulmo-nary bypass in rats for evaluating ischemia-reperfusion injury.ASAIO J, 1996, 42: 1027-1030. 5. Wehberg KE, Foster AH, Wise RM, et al. Nitric oxide mediates fluid accumulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112: 168-174. 6. Gourlay T. Neurological injury during cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Perfusion, 2001,16: 266-268. 7. Grocott HP, Mackensen GB, Newman MF, et al. Neurological injury during cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Perfusion, 2001, 16: 75-81. 8. Kwon J Y, Bacher A, Deyo DJ, et al. Effects of pentobarbital and isoflurane on conditioned learning aftert ransient global cerebral ischemia in rabbits. Anesthesiology, 2000, 92: 171-177. 9. Patel PM, Drummond JC, Cole DJ, et al. Isoflurane and pen-tobarbital reduce the frequency of transient ischemic depolari-zations during focal ischemia in rats. Anest h Analg, 1998,86 : 773-780. 10. Fabre O, Zegdi R, Vincentelli A, et al. A recovery model of partial cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Perfusion, 2001,16: 215-220. 11. Gourlay T, Ballaux PK, Draper ER, et al. Early experience with a new technique and technology designed for the study of pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Perfusion, 2002,17: 191-198. 12. Sakamoto T, Zurakowski D, Duebener L F, et al. Combination of alphastat strategy and hemodilution exacerbates neurologic injury in a survival piglet model with deep hypot hermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002, 73: 180-190. 13. Shin’oka T, Shum-Tim D, Jonas RA, et al. Higher hematocrit improves cerebral outcome after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112: 1610-1621. |