<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 套管针穿刺气管及随后送入导丝是PDT的关键步骤,严格经中线穿刺并证实穿刺套管进入气管内后,方可置入导丝。穿刺气管时,套管针尽量朝向尾端,以免损伤气管后壁。危重患者气管内分泌物较多,穿刺气管回抽时有时可抽出痰液,为安全起见,最好再次穿刺确认无误后置入导丝。近来,Cooper[7]将纤维气管镜用于证实穿刺针和导丝是否进入气管,从而提高了手术的可靠性。穿刺前将气管导管退出少许并加以固定,当确认气管套管插入气管内后,才能完全拔除气管导管。如气管套管插入困难,应冷静寻找原因,不可强行插入,否则会引起气管及周围组织的损伤。常见的原因包括:①气管套管误插入气管前间隙是术中较常见的问题,需调整气管套管的方向和插入深度。②气管前壁扩张不充分,可根据气管套管管径大小,用扩张钳再扩张一次,此时多可见气泡溢出;③麻醉用的气管导管的尖端阻碍。我们遇到一例病人,引导钢丝置入气管导管尖端的侧孔内,导致气管套管置入困难,退出导丝后,再次放置气管套管顺利。局麻药中加入肾上腺素可防止出血,同时,在气管内注入局麻药可有效防止病人呛咳,减少并发症发生。PDT术后极少发生伤口感染,本研究未发现有伤口感染的患者;拔管后伤口愈合时间较传统气管切开术短,瘢痕轻微,患者及家属易接受。 综上所述,PDT虽然比传统气管切开术显示出有更加简便、快捷、安全等优越性,但它不能完全替代传统气管切开术。许多研究表明在有经验、参加过训练的医师实施PDT,则手术并发症更低和危险性更小,在PDT不能成功时,可迅速改变做传统气管切开。此外,应注意在PDT术前,应常规准备好传统气管切开手术包,如果PDT失败,可迅速改行传统的气管切开术。 参考文献 1. Johnson JL,Cheatham ML,Sagraves SG,et al.Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy:A comprision of single-versus multi-dilatior techniques. Crit Care Med,2001,29:1251. 2. Griggs WM,et al. A simple percutaneous tracheostomy technique. Surgery.Gynecology and Obstetrics,1990,170:543-545. 3. Van Heebeek N,Fikkers BG,et al. The guide wire dilating forceps techniques for percutaneous tracheostomy. Am J Surg,1999,177:311. 4. Moore FA,Haenel JB,et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy /gastrostomy in brain-injuried patients?A minimally invasive alternative. J Trauma,1992,33:435. 5. Joseph L Nates,James Cooper,et al. Percutaneous tracheostomy in critically ill patients:A prospective,randomized comparision of two techniques.Crit Care Med,2000,28:3735. 6. <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Rogers S. Puyana JC. Bedside percutaneous tracheostomy in the critically ill patient. [J]. International Anesthesiology Clinics.2000,38:95-110. 7. Cooper RM,Use and safety of percutaneous tracheostomy in intensive care. Report of a postal survey of ICU practice. Anaesthesia,1998,53:1209. |