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麻醉性镇痛药的硬膜外注射效应对利多卡因阻滞的影响

时间:2010-08-24 11:36:49  来源:  作者:

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Effects of Epidural Analgesics on Blockade of Lidocaine

 

耿智隆  张宏  叶光阳  靳冰

Geng Zhilong Zhang Hong Ye Guangyang et al .

 

Abastract

  Purpose To determine the analgesic effects of fentanyl or meperidine administered epidurally and their effects on blockade of lidocaine administered laterly.

  Methods 50 patients scheduled for infraumbilical operations were divided randomly into five groups10 cases per group . In one group 20 ml 2 lidocaine was administered 15 min after normal saline was epidurally administered previously and in the other four groups 20 ml 2 lidocaine was administered 15 min after different dosages of fentanyl or meperidine were epidurally administered previously. Through needling and vi sual analog score methods the analgesic effects of each group were determined. The analgesic onset and duration were recorded after administration of 20 ml 2 lidocaine.

  Results The analgesic degrees were meperidine 50 mg > fentanyl 50ug > meperidine 25 mg > fentanyl 25ug. The onset of sensory blockade in fentanyl group was faster than that in me peridine group P<0.01 . The upper level of sensory blockade was in T910 15 min after administration of fentanyl or meperidine. The analgesic onset in fentanyl or meperidine group was faster than that in normal saline group and the analgesic durations in former groups were also longer than that in latter group P<0.01.

  Conclusion1 After fentanyl or meperidine is administered epidurally the sites of analgesic effect which belongs to incomplete blockade are in the lev el of spinal cordand segmental analgesia occures ;(2 The time of analgesic onset of lidocaine is shortened and duration is prolonged after small dosage of fentanyl or meperidine is administered previously.

  Key wordsAnalgesic Fentanyl Meperidine Lidocaine ;  Epidural space Analgesia

 

  硬膜外腔单纯注入阿片制剂或与局麻药混合,剂在临床上广泛应用于手术后镇痛[13]。在硬膜外腔预先注入小量芬太尼或哌替啶,再追加一次注入相同剂量利多卡因情况下,镇痛效果的比较报道甚少。我们测定此两种阿片制剂经硬膜外腔注入后,镇痛起效时间及镇痛程度,并对后续利多卡因注入后其镇痛完善的起效时间及持续时间进行观察,探讨与常用的单用局麻药阻滞有何不同。

 

  1 资料和方法

  11病例选择:选择术前2个月内未用过阿片制、无神经系统疾病史、硬膜外穿刺禁忌及饮酒嗜好者行脐以下手术ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ级病人50例,年龄1948岁;体重4582kg;其中男24例,女26例。随机分为5组,每组10例。组Ⅰ:硬膜外腔预先注入生理盐水5ml15min后注入2%利多卡因20ml;组作用Ⅱ、组Ⅲ、组Ⅳ和组Ⅴ分别预注芬太尼25ug50ug、哌替啶25mg50mg15min后均注入2%利多卡因20ml

  1. 2 实验步骤:不用术前药。在第一个小时,以15ml/kg/h速率经静脉输入乳酸林格氏液。常规监测血压、心电图、脉搏及血氧饱和度(SpO2)。

 

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  取左侧卧位,由熟练的麻醉医师经L23L34椎间隙行硬膜外腔穿刺,穿刺成功后向头侧置管3cm,平卧位后,向硬膜外腔注入生理盐水5ml或将预定芬太尼或哌替啶用量用生理盐水稀释至5ml,在30s内注射完毕;15min后经硬膜外导管注入2%利多卡因20ml。记录血压、心率和SpO2的变化。以针刺法测定注入芬太尼或哌替啶后痛觉减退所需时间及平面,并测定注入利多卡因后痛觉消失时间及平面。注入芬太尼或哌替啶后,在10min15min,针刺病人脐下5cm处及右上肢,采用视觉模拟评分法,让病人以右上肢痛感为最痛标准,定为10cm,判定腹部针刺时的疼痛程度。为排除1人针刺两点手法轻重的差异,我们采用两人测定及双盲方法。腹部疼痛程度以两人测定所得值的均值为准。并记录手术中病人有痛感的时间作为注入利多卡因后的镇痛持续时间。

  统计学处理:各指标以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组内比较采用F2Q 检验,组间比较采用t检验,P<0.05为有显著性差异。

  2 结果

  21病人的一般情况:5 组病人年龄、体重、身高及性别分配均无统计学差异。

  22硬膜外腔注入不同剂量芬太尼、哌替啶后10min15min时的镇痛程度、及15 min时痛觉减退平面,见表1

  组Ⅰ硬膜外腔注入生理盐水后,腹部针刺疼痛程度与上肢相同,无痛觉减退作用。而芬太尼50ug、哌替啶50mg的痛觉减退作用明显大于芬太尼25ug、哌替啶25mgP<0.01)。应用芬太尼和哌替啶4组在10min15min时的镇痛程度均有明显差异(P<0.01);并且各组15min的镇痛程度亦较10min时为强(P<0.01)。从所得数值可见,15min4组的镇痛程度依次为:哌替啶50mg>芬太尼50ug>哌替啶25mg>芬太尼25ug

  2.3 硬膜外腔注入芬太尼或哌替啶痛觉减退的起效时间,注入利多卡因后痛觉消失时间及持续时间,见表2

  硬膜外腔注入芬太尼50ug痛觉减退起效时间最短,与其它各组相比有显著差异(P<0.01)。硬膜外腔注入2%利多卡因后,其痛觉消失时间亦以组Ⅲ为快(P<0.01),预先注入芬太尼或哌替啶组,其注入利多卡因后痛觉消失时间较预注生理盐水组快(P<0.01)。硬膜外腔注入利多卡因后痛觉消失持续时间在预注芬太尼或哌替啶组均较组Ⅰ有所延长,但组Ⅱ与组Ⅰ相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。

  2.4 各组在硬膜外腔注入小量芬太尼或哌替啶及注入利多卡因前后,脉搏及血氧饱和度无变化。

  3 讨论

  硬膜外腔注入阿片制剂,需经弥散透过硬脊膜进入蛛网膜下腔,与脊髓背角阿片受体结合方能发挥止痛作用。阿片制剂的脂溶性越高,止痛起效越快。本研究结果显示:硬膜外腔注入芬太尼后,痛觉减退起效时间明显比哌替啶快,这是因为芬太尼的脂溶性明显较哌替啶的脂溶性高,使芬太尼比哌替啶更易透过硬脊膜,与脊髓背角阿片受体结合的缘故。

  脂溶性阿片制剂注入硬膜外腔后,也可被吸收入血,呈现全身镇痛作用。已有研究表明[4],硬膜外腔注入小量哌替啶的血浆哌替啶峰浓度,比全身给予产生最小有效镇痛浓度(460ug/L)为小,而在每一时段,脑脊液中的哌替啶浓度,都比血浆中浓度高得多。芬太尼100ug注入腰部硬膜外腔后,与静注芬太尼后血药浓度达1.5ug/L对脚趾镇痛效果相似时,血浆芬太尼浓度仅为0.36±0.05ug/L[5]。以上均表明,哌替啶和芬太尼硬膜外腔注入后,虽被吸收入血,但其镇痛作用位点主要是在脊髓,而不在脊髓之上的中枢神经部位,而静脉用药恰相反。本研究结果显示:在硬膜外腔注入小量芬太尼或哌替啶, 用针刺比较上肢与腹部的痛感程度,腹部痛感有明显减退,可测出痛觉减退的平面,亦证实硬膜外腔注入芬太尼或哌替啶,起镇痛作用的位点确在脊髓,表现存在节段性。

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  局麻药和阿片制剂联合应用于硬膜外阻滞,是利用此两类药物分别作用于疼痛传导通路的不同位点(神经轴体和阿片受体),硬膜外阻滞可产生协同作用,国内外均有报道[26]。本研究预先硬膜外腔注入芬太尼或哌替啶,使阿片制剂先起效,15 min后再注入利多卡因。结果显示,如果单注阿片制剂,其镇痛效力与单纯利多卡因相比为弱,属于不完全的抑制,远不及局麻药的阻断镇痛药效强,文献中也有相同看法[7]。但小量芬太尼或哌替啶预注,使利多卡因痛觉消失起效时间缩短,持续时间延长。以预注哌替啶50mg痛觉消失持续时间最长,推测可能和哌替啶本身也具有局麻作用[78]有关。

 

参考文献

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2. Etches RC Gammer TL Cornish R. Patientcontrolled epi2 dural analgesia thoracotomy A comparison of meperidine with and without bupivacaine. Anesth Analg[J] 1996 83 81

3. Kee WDN Lam KKChen PP et al . Epidural meperidine after caesarean section A doseresponse study. Anesthesiology 1996 85 289

4. Sjostrom S Hartving P Persson MP et al . Pharmacokinetics of epidural morphine and meperidine in humans[J]. Anesthesiology 1987 67 877

5. Coda BA Brown MC Schafter R et al . Pharmacology of epidural fentanyl alfentanil and sufentanil in volunteers[J]. An2 esthesiology 1994 811149

6. 梁化伟,陈秉学,邓天忠. 芬太尼应用于妇科手术利多卡因硬膜外麻醉的临床研究[J]. 临床麻醉学杂志,1993 9 188

7. FernandezGalinski SMMonells J Espadaler JM et al. Ef2 fects of subarachnoid lidocainemeperidine and fentanyl on somato2 sensory and motor evoked response in awake humans[J]. Acta An aesthesiol Scand1996 40 39

8. Acalvovschi I Cristea T. Intravenous regional anesthesia with meperidine[J].Anesth Analg 199581539 

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