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瑞芬太尼对老年病人呼吸功能的影响

时间:2010-08-24 11:36:52  来源:  作者:

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Influence of Remifentanil on Respiratory Function in Elderly Patients

 

周仁龙  杭燕南

上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院麻醉科,上海 200001

Ren-long Zhou,Yan-nan Hang

Department of Anesthesiology,Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College,Shanghai 200001,China

 

ABSTRACT

  Objective:To study the influence of remifentanil with different concentrations on respiratory function in elderly patients.

  Methods:Thirty patients were arranged into adult group or elderly group(n=15 in each). Following recording the baseline respiratory parameters,target-controlled infusion of remifentanil at concentration of 1ng/ml was started and respiratory function parameters were recorded at 3 minutes after the infusion. Then,the plasma concentration of remifentanil was increased by 1ng/ml step by step and the recording was repeated at each concentration. The last recording was done when remifentanil concentration up to 3ng/ml or when the saturation of oxygen decreased less than 90% over 15s.

  Results:Compared with baseline,heart rates were decreased significantly in adult group at remifentanil concentration of 3ng/ml and in elderly group at remifentanil concentrations of 2ng/ml and 3ng/ml. The saturation of oxygen was reduced and the respiratory function was depressed more and more markedly with the increase of remifentanil concentrations in both groups,with greater depress in the elderly group. In both groups,the tidal volume was decreased more significantly with higher concentration of remifentanil,but the breathing rate showed no changes except in elderly group with remifentanil at 3ng/ml. So the minute volume was decreased by 26%,55% and 75% compared to the baseline when remifentanil got up to 1 ng/ml,2ng/ml and 3ng/ml in adult group,and 33%,62% and 83% in elderly group,respectively. As the concentration of remifentanil was over 1ng/ml,the inspired peak flow was reduced and the inspiratory time fraction was prolonged.

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  Conclusion:Remifentanil can depress the respiratory function,especially at the plasma concentration over 2ng/ml. The respiratory depression would be more serious in elderly patients compared with the adults.

  Key words:Remifentanil, respiratory function, elder

 

  瑞芬太尼是一新近应用于临床的阿片类药物,由于具有起效快、清除迅速等优点[1-2],在临床短小手术与门诊检查中应用越来越广,但和其他阿片类药物一样,瑞芬太尼可产生剂量依赖的呼吸抑制作用,对老年病人呼吸抑制方面可能会更明显。本研究拟采用靶控输注的方法,比较不同血浆浓度瑞芬太尼对青壮年和老年人呼吸功能的影响。

 

材料与方法

  病例选择:符合入选条件的病人30例,根据年龄分为青壮年组与老年组,每组15例。病人入选条件是:①择期全麻手术病人,性别不限;②ASA分级I~II级;③体重指数<28kg/m2;④青壮年组18~60岁,老年组>65岁;⑤无严重贫血(Hb>110g/L);⑥无阿片类药物过敏史;⑦无糖尿病史(空腹血糖<6.9mmol/L);⑧无吸毒或酗酒史;⑨无急慢性呼吸系统疾病史。

  试验方法:病人入室开放外周静脉与颈内静脉,以Daxtex-Ohmada监护仪(Datex-Ohmeda,Monitor Branch,Finland)进行无创血压(收缩压SBP,舒张压DBP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)监测,同时记录各指标基础值。自颈内静脉靶控输注瑞芬太尼,以计算机(STELPUMP,1.07软件)驱动Graseby 3500输注泵(Graseby Medical Limited,UK),选用Minto药代动力学参数,设定初始血浆靶浓度为1ng/ml,3min后记录呼吸参数,记录完毕后增加瑞芬太尼浓度1ng/ml,3min后重复呼吸功能的测定,瑞芬太尼血浆靶控浓度最大至4ng/ml。自试验开始即给予病人面罩吸氧,若脉搏血氧饱和度小于90%持续15s以上,则停止试验,静注丙泊酚与维库溴铵行气管插管机械通气诱导插管。

  监测指标:记录病人SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2。呼吸参数以呼吸功能监护仪Biocore 1.3(Bicore Ltd,USA)进行监测,在基础时点、各浓度改变后3min时点记录潮气量(VT)、呼吸频率(RR)、分钟通气量(MV)、吸入气峰流速(PIFR)和吸气时间所占比例(TI/TT)。

  统计方法:使用SPSS10.0统计软件,计量资料以均数±标准差(X±s)表示,组内比较使用单因素方差分析,方差齐性时使用LSD方法比较,方差不齐时采用Dunnett方法比较,组间比较使用成组设计的t检验。计数资料采用X2检验。P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

 

结 果

  病人一般情况见表1,性别构成、体重、身高及体重指数两组间无统计学差异。

  两组病人动脉收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、HR及SpO2的变化见表2。与基础值相比,青壮年组3ng/ml,老年组2ng/ml和3ng/ml时,心率有显著性减慢,该三组分别有1例,2例,4例病人心率曾小于50次/min。随着瑞芬太尼输注的血浆浓度的增加,脉搏血氧饱和度不断下降,3ng/ml时,青壮年组有9例,老年组有13例低于90%而停止试验。

  呼吸功能的变化见表3。青壮年组与老年组在给药前各项呼吸基础指标无统计学差异。两组各浓度下潮气量组内比较均有显著性差异,变化情况见图1;除老年组3ng/ml浓度外,其他各浓度瑞芬太尼引起的呼吸频率的变化与基础值相比无统计学差异;MV在两组随着浓度的加大而减少,与基础值相比1、2、3ng/ml的瑞芬太尼输注在青壮年组致MV下降为基础值的74%、45%、25%,老年组下降为67%、38%、17%。当瑞芬太尼浓度大于1ng/ml时,两组吸气峰流速均有明显减少,而吸气时间则显著延长。

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讨 论

  瑞芬太尼药理作用强,起效与消除均很迅速[1-2],剂量容易控制,在许多领域都显示出其优点,但瑞芬太尼对呼吸可产生剂量依赖性的抑制作用。文献显示,在以0.05~0.1ug/kg/min速率持续输注瑞芬太尼时,在无外界刺激及吸入8%CO2的条件下,MV下降50%左右[1]。发生呼吸抑制时减小剂量或停药,一般3min内呼吸可以恢复至正常,必要时可用纳络酮对抗。因为其消除速度极快,即使大量应用也能很快恢复自主呼吸[1,3],但有文献报道瑞芬太尼与其它芬太尼类药物相比呼吸抑制的发生率较高[4-5]

  呼吸功能的影响因素很多,如年龄和病人一般条件等,特别是年龄因素,随着病人年龄的增加,机体的代偿能力进行性下降,肺的储备功能也不断减退。老年人一般表现为功能性残气量增大、通气和血流的比率失衡、动脉血氧分压降低等。且老年人对缺氧和二氧化碳积蓄的保护性反应较差,呼吸道的保护性反射减弱。在本研究中,青壮年组与老年组在给药前各项呼吸基础指标无统计学差异。随着瑞芬太尼输注浓度的增加,青壮年组与老年组病人的呼吸功能均下降,而老年组的下降趋势更为明显。这可能与老年人代偿能力不足有关。两组各浓度的潮气量均有显著性下降,MV在两组随着浓度的增加而降低。与基础值相比,1、2、3ng/ml的瑞芬太尼输注在青壮年组致分钟通气量下降26%、55%、75%,老年组下降33%、62%、83%,可见随瑞芬太尼剂量增大,呼吸抑制作用明显增强。除老年组3ng/ml浓度时呼吸频率与基础值比较有差异外,其它各组未显示明显变化,这提示较小剂量瑞芬太尼对呼吸频率的影响较小。

  根据文献报道,单次给予0.5ug/kg瑞芬太尼2.5min后,呼吸抑制达峰,0.05ug/kg/min持续给药5min后呼吸抑制达峰[6]。根据我们的预实验,以血浆靶控输注瑞芬太尼,多数病人在3min左右出现呼吸抑制作用的达峰,虽然有一定个体差异,但我们仍取每个浓度输注3min后测定。

  已有研究提示,肝功能损害病人以0.025ug/kg/min持续给药3h,MV降低28%,而恢复至正常水平时间与健康者相似[7]。肾功能受损病人MV受瑞芬太尼影响与健康者相似,但恢复时间略长[8],故在病例选择条件中未限制病人肝肾功能情况。由于本试验中止或结束研究后,所有病人均进行静脉诱导,气管插管后手术,所以未研究有关呼吸恢复的情况。回顾30例研究对象,青壮年组有1例,老年组有1例肝功能指标(ALT)略高于正常,此两例病人未发现有特殊变化。

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  在研究过程中,病人的血压均较平稳。老年组基础血压即高于青壮年组,考虑这是多数老年病人特有的生理改变,故未严格限制血压的入选标准。

  病人HR随着瑞芬太尼的输注呈显著性下降趋势,特别是在较高的浓度条件下,这与已有的报道相似,提醒临床医生在瑞芬太尼输注过程中需密切观察HR的变化,及时处理。

  本研究显示,SpO2与呼吸抑制有较好的相关性,提示在应用瑞芬太尼进行短小手术时,应重视SpO2的监测,及时发现呼吸抑制,并给予必要的辅助呼吸。正因如此,SpO2下降作为中止试验的标准之一。

  综上所述,瑞芬太尼可抑制病人的呼吸功能,≥2ng/ml时呼吸抑制发生率增加,在老年病人尤其显著。因此,在没有控制呼吸的病人使用瑞芬太尼时更应注重呼吸功能的改变,常规吸氧和准备人工呼吸设备,血浆浓度均不宜超过1ng/ml。

 

参考文献

1.    Glass PSA,Gan TJ,Howell S. A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. Anesth Analg 1999,89:s7-s14.

2.    Reves JG. Educational considerations for the clinical introduction and use of remifentanil. Anesth Analg 1999,89:s4-s6.

3. Buerkle II,Dunbar S,Van AH. Remifentanil-a novel,short acting u?opioid. Anesth Analg 1996,84:646-651.

4. Shuttler J,Albrecht S,Breivik H,et al.A comparison of remifentanil and alfentanil in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 1997,52:307-317.

5. Camu F,Royston D. Inpatient experience with remifentanil. Anesth Analg 1999,89:s15-s21.

6. Babenco HD,Conard PF,Gross JB. The pharmacodynamic effect of a remifentanil bolus on ventilatory control. Anesthesiology, 2000,92:393-398.

7. Dershwitz M,Rosow CE,Michalowski P,et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynanics of remifentanil in volunteer subjects with serve liver disease compared with normal subjects. Anesthesiology,1994,81(3A):A377.

8.    Respiratory effects of remifentanil in subjects with serve renal impairment compared to matched controls. Shlugman D,Dufore S,Dershwitz M,et al. Anesthesiology,1994,81(3A):A1417.

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