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欧普乐喉头罩用于眼科全麻临床分析

时间:2010-08-24 11:37:09  来源:  作者:

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Clinical Application of OroPharyngoLaryngeal Airway Cap under General Anesthesia during Ophthalmologic Surgery

卢军杰 硕士研究生

顾恩华 主任医师,教授,硕士生导师

天津市眼科医院麻醉科,天津

Junjie LuEnhua Gu

Department of Anesthesia,<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Tian Jin Eye HospitalTian Jin 

ABSTRACT

  ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical application of OroPharyngoLaryngeal Airway Cap OPLAC under general anesthesia with spontaneously breathing during ophthalmologic surgery.

  Methods106 adult patients scheduled for selective ophthalmologic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly llocated into two groupsOPLAC groupn53and classicLMA groupn53.Anesthesia was induced intravenouslyand maintained with intravenous anesthestic and inhalation anesthestic.The timing of insertion and Paw at 2minute after insertion of the two groups were measured.Changes in SBPDBPHR and Sp02 were recorded at 2minute before and after insertion respectively.And sore throatdry throat and hoarseness were measured after operation.

  ResultsInsertion time was significantly longer in OPLAC group than that in classicLMA groupP<0.001.

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DBP of OPLAC group and SBPDBP of classicLMA group were all decreased lightly at 2minute after insertion than that at 2minute before insertion P<0.05.HR and Sp02 of the two groups were all no significantly changed.Paw at 2minute after insertion and the incidence of dry throat were significantly similar with the two groups P>0.05.But the incidence of sore throat is significantly higher in OPLAC group than that in classicLMA groupP<0.001.7 patients had hoarseness in OPLAC groupbut no patient in classicLMA group.

  ConclusionsVentilation with OPLAC is surely good.Effects of OPLAC on hemodynamics is not significant.The insertion of OPLAC is easier.OPLAC is available to general anesthesia with spontaneously breathing during ophthalmologic surgery.Howerthe sore throat and hoarseness happened moer in oplas group

Key wordsLaryngeal mask airwayGeneral anesthesiaHemodynamicsRespirationsComplication

 

  喉罩(Laryngeal Mask AirwayLMA)在国内外临床麻醉中应用广泛,它以欧洲人咽喉解剖结构为原型设计。欧普乐喉头罩(OroPharyngoLaryngealOPLAC)则是经典喉罩(Classic LMA)的创新产品,根据东方人特别是中国人咽喉解剖结构研发。本文旨在观察两者在置入时间、对循环和呼吸的影响、术后咽喉部并发症等方面的异同,以探讨OPLAC于眼科手术保留自主呼吸的全麻中的应用价值与可行性。

 

1.资料和方法

  1.1一般资料

  选取20066月~20071月期间行择期眼科手术的全麻患者106例,其中男55例,女51例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,Ⅰ组置入OPLAC,Ⅱ组置入Classic LMA,均无心脑血管疾病、糖尿病、急慢性咽炎等上呼吸道以及口腔软组织感染或疼痛不适,扁桃体无肿大,术前ECG未见异常,肝肾功能正常。两组间一般情况均无统计学差别(P>0.05),见表1

  1.2方法

  1.2.1麻醉方法

  麻醉前30min肌注地西泮0.1mg/kg和阿托品0.40.5mg,监测NIBPHRSpO2ECG2%利多卡因喷咽喉部23次,依次静注咪达唑仑0.020.03mg/kg、芬太尼12ug/kg、丙泊酚1.52mg/kg麻醉诱导。

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静吸复合维持麻醉,吸入1%~2%异氟醚,经静脉微量泵泵入由丙泊酚400mg、芬太尼0.1mg、氯胺酮200mg、咪达唑仑5mg组成的混合液,其流量视手术刺激予以调整。麻醉诱导均由同一麻醉医师完成,其给药方法和速度、时间及其间隔均一致。

  1.2.2喉罩置入方法

  先涂适量利多卡因凝胶于OPLACClassic LMA背面,待麻醉诱导完毕下颌松弛后左手张开患者口,右手以握笔式将喉罩放入口腔,或沿硬腭软腭向后下推进,或旋转其通气管从口腔右侧推进,当通过舌根后有落空感,继续推进直至遇到阻力到达正确位置,连接麻醉机,观察胸廓起伏运动、通气管内“白雾”现象、PETCO2SpO2值及波形,听诊双肺呼吸音,确认置入成功后妥善固定之。

  1.2.3监测指标与观察项目

  常规监测NIBPHRECGRRSpO2PETCO2 以及PawPEEP等指标,记录置入时间和置入前后2minSBPDBPHRSpO2及置入后2minPaw。置入时间以张开患者口腔欲插喉罩即刻至喉罩到达正确位置通气良好即刻的时间为准。

  1.2.4术后随访

  每天固定时间随访57d,记录咽干、咽痛、声嘶等症状的发生情况,直至病人症状消失或出院。喉罩置入、记录和随访均由同一麻醉医师完成。

  1.2.5统计分析

  所有计量资料采用均数±标准差(±s)表示,组内比较采用配对t检验,组间比较采用成组独立样本t检验,计数资料比较采用×2检验,以P<0.05为有显著差别。

2.结果

  2.1喉罩型号

  Ⅰ组均置入4OPLAC,Ⅱ组置入Classic LMA446例,57例。两组均顺利置入,未用辅助插管工具。

  2.2麻醉时间

  Ⅰ组为114.11±36.56min,Ⅱ组为146.51±74.31min,两组间差别显著(P0.005),Ⅱ组长于Ⅰ组30min

  2.3置入时间

  Ⅰ组为24.12±5.28s,Ⅱ组为15.30±3.66s,组间差别显著(P<0.001),Ⅰ组多于Ⅱ组约9s

  2.4血流动力学和呼吸指标

  与置入前2min比较,置入后2minⅠ组SBP无明显变化(P>0.05),但Ⅰ组DBP和Ⅱ组SBPDBP均有轻微降低(P<0.05),两组HRSpO2均无明显变化(P>0.05);Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组置入后2minPaw无明显差别(P>0.05)。见表2

    

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咽喉干燥为62%~64%,以手术时间较长者更为严重。

Meta分析表明,LMA套囊充气量愈多,则咽喉痛与吞咽痛和/或吞咽困难的发生率愈高[9]。我们观察的结果与此基本一致。OPLAC罩体较Classic LMA短小,与咽喉粘膜接触面积较小,其硅胶帽间歇膨胀,软木塞吸水后变软,故其咽干发生率相对较低,但OPLAC置入阻力较大,罩体较硬,弹性较差,置入时间较长,对粘膜机械损伤大,加之操作技术和经验欠缺,故其咽喉痛发生率高。两组咽喉部不适发生率均较高,可能与眼科麻醉较浅,吸入气未湿化,异氟醚刺激,牙垫影响LMA位置,多次搬动头颈部,清醒拔管刺激,Classic LMA组套囊压力持续过高(充气量约3040ml且术中未抽减)等有关。

  综上所述,OPLAC通气效果肯定,对血流动力学影响轻微,较容易置入,可用于眼科保留自主呼吸的全麻,但应重视防治术后咽痛、声嘶等并发症。OPLAC能否替代Classic LMA等有套囊喉罩,尚需大量临床资料深入研究。

 

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