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氯普鲁卡因等几种常用局麻药pH值分析

时间:2010-08-24 11:37:11  来源:  作者:

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Assay of pH of Chloroprocaine and Other Several Local Anesthetics

 

1傅润乔 2田玉科

1 Runqiao FU2 Yuke Tian

1 北京市垂杨柳医院麻醉科,北京 100022

2 华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院麻醉科,武汉 430030

1 Department of AnesthesiologyChui Yangliu HospitalBeijing 100022China

2 Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong Science and Technology UniversityWuhan 430030China

 

ABSTRACT

  ObjectiveThe low pH of local anesthetic might be a cause of spinal nerve injury as it is administrated into subarachnoid space for spinal anesthesia. Our aim is to measure pH values of common used local anesthetics.

  MethodThe pH values of common used local anesthetics and dilution solution of 0.9 NaCI were assayed by LE 438 pH combination electrode. 6 samples of each drug were taken for assay.

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  ResultThe pH values2 procaine hydrochloride injection was 4.17±0.022 lidocaine hydrochloride injection was 4.57±0.062 tetracaine hydrochloride for injection was 5.05±0.020.75 bupivacaine ydrochloride injection was 5.64±0.070.75 levobupivacaine ydrochloride injection Suka was 4.95±0.070.75 ropivacaine hydrochloride injection Naropin was 5.09±0.053 chloroprocaine hydrochloride injection Kepunuo was 3.11±0.023 chloroprocaine hydrochloride for injection Kepunuo was 4.93±0.022 chloroprocaine hydrochloride for injection Kepunuo was 5.02±0.030.9 sodium chloride injection was 5.42±0.0210 glucose injection was 4.46±0.063 ephedrine hydrochloride injection was 5.92±0.04.

  ConclusionThe pH of chloroprocaine hydrochloride for injection is around 5.0 and similar to other anestheticsbut the chloroprocaine hydrochloride injections pH is low. The data suggest that chloroprocaine hydrochloride for injection should not become a taboo cause for spinal anesthesia due to its pH.

  Key wordsLocal anestheticspH valuesChloroprocaine

 

  有陆续报道局麻药蛛网膜下隙麻醉(脊麻、腰麻)后引起脊神经损伤症状,其原因较多但并非完全清楚[12]。一直认为氯普鲁卡因的p H很低并怀疑它用于脊麻的安全性。据此,我们对临床上常用的可能是脊神经损伤原因之一的几种局麻药的pH值进行了统一测定,汇报如下。

 

材料与方法

  1. 药品

  选择临床常用几种局麻药,2%盐酸普鲁卡因注射液、2%盐酸利多卡因注射液、注射用盐酸丁卡因灭菌粉末、0.75%盐酸布比卡因注射液、0.75%盐酸左布比卡因注射液、0.75%盐酸罗哌卡因注射液、3%盐酸氯普鲁卡因注射液和注射用盐酸氯普鲁卡因灭菌粉末,其生产厂家、批号、稀释液详见表1

  2. 仪器与试剂

  LE438复合电极pH测定仪,由上海Mettler Tdledo有限公司提供。内置N T C温度传感器,用于常压下实验室内精确测定有差异的待测溶液的pH值,可测pH014 pH校正的成套缓冲剂pH4.7.9(标准号:Q/SOIE 04.2003,批号:50720)由上海爱建德固赛引发剂有限公司提供。

  3. 方法

  地点在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院麻醉学实验室,环境温度摄氏25度。先对p H测试仪用缓冲剂校正,0.05M邻苯二甲酸氢钾p H4.000.025M混合磷酸盐p H6.860.01M硼砂p H9.18。然后依次对每种药品进行测定,读取小数点后两位数。先测定药物原液,不同浓度则用0.9N a CI注射液稀释或10%葡萄糖注射液稀释,注射用局麻药灭菌粉末用0.9NaCI注射液稀释。最后还测定0.9NaCI注射液、10%葡萄糖注射液以及配伍脊麻合剂时可能用到的3%麻黄碱的p H值。每种药均测定同一批号药6个样本(即6次)。最后用SPSS统计学软件求出平均值和标准差(x±s)。

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结 果

  常用几种局麻药的p H值,及其稀释剂的p H值见表1和表2。表1为多种药,表2为单种药。绝大多数药液都是偏酸性,仅仅氯普鲁卡因注射剂型为重酸p H3.11左右。注射用氯普鲁卡因灭菌粉末经0.9NaCI注射液稀释浓度从1.5%依次升高到5%,p H呈轻微依次递减,但都在4.7以上。表2为氯普鲁卡因灭菌粉末经0.9NaCI注射液稀释成临床常用的两种浓度(2.5%,3%)时不同剂量与小量葡萄糖和麻黄碱配伍后的p H值在5.0左右。

 

讨 论

  尽管每种药物均是按药典制成,其p H值液有标注,但数种局麻药用统一方法同一时间测定还没有报道。本文对这些局麻药p H进行验证的目的是基于在局麻药椎管内麻醉后,尤其是脊麻后出现脊神经毒性反应症状的报道,认为p H值过低是其原因之一。特别是氯普鲁卡因,人们一直延用国外的观点,即它的p H值为3.3,若不慎大量注入蛛网膜下隙可能引起严重的神经并发症[3]。以至于既不敢用于硬膜外麻醉(容量相对较大),更不敢直接用于蛛网膜下隙麻醉。这一谨慎思维的产生其实是源于上世纪80年代前后期,当时氯普鲁卡因制剂中均含有防腐剂,早期为亚硫酸盐(NescaineCE)后期为E D T ANescaineMPF),并先后在硬膜外麻醉以及误入蛛网膜下隙后出现了短暂的(约1周左右)脊神经综合征(TNS)、长时间神经损伤和腰背痛病例[48]。因此究竟是制剂中的防腐剂还是其酸度还是药物本身引发神经毒性一直未完全清晰[910]。但可以肯定的是,当时的氯普鲁卡因是重酸(p H2.83.5)。然而,所有局麻药在大容量、高浓度、重比重(相对脑脊液)、重酸、加入过量血管收缩剂引起脊神经损伤都是肯定的,对于防腐剂也是于此[10]。因此同样见到关于利多卡因、布比卡因、丁卡因及罗哌卡因等脊麻后TNS的报道甚至截瘫的病例[1211]

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7. Covino BGMarx GFFinster Met al. Prolonged sensory/motor deficits following inadvertent spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg1980596):399400.

8. Reisner LSHochman BNPlumer MH. Persistent neurologic deficit and adhesive arachnoiditis following intrathecal 2chloroprocaine injection. Anesth Analg1980596):452454.

9. Rose MABaysinger CLShinder SMet al. Evaluation of neurotoxicity after subarachnoid injection of large volumes of local anestgetic solutions. Anesth Analg1983629):802808.

10. Taniguchi MBollen AWDrasner K. Sodium bisulfiteScapegoat for chloroprocaine neurotoxicity? Anesthesiology20041001):8591.

11. Radwan ISaito SGoto F. The Neurotoxtity of local anesthesia on growing neuronsA Comparative study of lidocainebupivacainemepivacaine and ropivacaine. Anesth Analg2002942):319324.

12. 傅润乔,赵宏利,薛绵荣,等. 国产氯普鲁卡因用于剖宫产脊醉的临床研究. 临床麻醉学杂志,2006226):422424.

13. 傅润乔,田玉科,赵宏利,等. 不同浓度、剂量氯普鲁卡因产科脊麻的观察. 待发表.

14. 傅润乔,田玉科. 氯普鲁卡因脊-硬联合麻醉用于妇科手术. 待发表.

15. 傅润乔,黄俊梅,夏文秀,等. 盐酸氯普鲁卡因硬膜外麻醉的临床观察. 临床麻醉学杂志,2 0 0 11711):614615.

16. 傅润乔,岳云,薛绵荣,等. 两种浓度氯普鲁卡因用于剖宫产硬膜外麻醉. 北京医学,2005274):219221.

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