您当前的位置:首页 > 主题内容 > 临床麻醉 > 基础与临床研究

全麻诱导期持续气道内正压对无通气安全时限的影响

时间:2010-08-24 11:38:19  来源:  作者:

The effect of continuous positive airway pressure CPAPduring pre-oxygenation and induction of general anaesthesia on duration of non-hypoxic apnoea

 

Xiao-jing Huang, Shi-tong Li, Zheng-ping Wang, Quan-ying Jin, Yu-cai Zhang 

ABSTRACT

 Objective:  To observe the effect of continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) during pre-oxygenation and induction of anaesthesia upon the safe duration of non-hypoxic apnoea.

 Methods:  Forty patients undergoing general anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups, group CPAP and control group (group C, n=20 each). All patients breathed spontaneously before and during induction without control or assistant ventilation. Two minutes before intravenous induction, patients began to inhale 100% O2 via face mask continuously. Patients in group CPAP inhaled oxygen with CPAP of 6cmH2O, while patients in group C without CPAP. After induction and intubation, all patients were not ventilated until SpO2 decreased to 90%. The safe duration of non-hypoxic apnoea (from breath stopping to SpO2 of 90%)was recoded. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored before oxygen inhalation(T1),after induction(T2),after intubation(T3) and at the time of SpO2 reaching 90%(T90)respectively. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed before induction(after 2 min of oxygen inhalation) and at the time of SpO2 to 90%(T90).

Results:  The safe duration of apnoea was significantly longer in group CPAP than that in group C (561.1±31.8s vs. 461.4±30.4s, P0.05). PaO2 at T90 and PaCO2 at Tx in two groups were similar. However, PaO2 at Tx and PaCO2 at T90 were higher in group CPAP than those in group C505.7±16.5 vs 448.1±17.8 mmHg, 67.1±1.7 vs 61.6±1.5 mmHg, P0.05.The blood pressure and heart rate in two groups were similar all the time. No stomach inflation occoured in any case of two groups.

Conclusion:  The application of CPAP during induction of anesthesia prolongs the safe duration of non-hypoxic apnoea without side-effects.

Key words:  Continuous Positive Airway Pressure(CPAP);Apnoea

 

全身麻醉插管前加压给氧去氧是沿袭多年的预给氧方法,目的是提高肺泡内氧分压,防止插管时低氧血症与二氧化碳蓄积。但常有发生胃膨胀和存在胃内容返流误吸的可能,尽管可以术前插胃管防止反流及胃扩张,或者压迫环状软骨来防止反流、误吸的发生,如果麻醉诱导插入气管导管前能避免人工正压通气,应该更有效。

全麻诱导期无通气安全时限是指通气停止后SpO2降至90%的时间。根据氧解离曲线,如血液中氧分压不低于60mmHg,血红蛋白氧饱和度仍能保持在90%以上,血液仍有较高的携氧能力,不致发生明显的低氧血症。已有研究探讨了不同通气方式包括呼气末正压通气(PEEP)及持续正压通气(CPAP)联合PEEP对全麻诱导期无通气安全时限的影响[1-4]。但面罩PEEP在改善通气和气体交换的同时仍有胃胀气的可能,本文拟观察全麻诱导期单独采用CPAP预给氧能否在避免胃胀气的情况下延长无通气安全时限。

资料与方法

一般资料  随机选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级、年龄1865岁择期手术全麻患者40例。随机分为CPAP组和对照组(C组),每组20例。所选患者须符合以下条件:术前血红蛋白(Hb)﹥100g/L,红细胞压积(Hct)﹥32%,吸室内空气血氧饱和度(SpO2)﹥95%,心肺功能无异常,无脑血管疾病和颅内压增高,体重指数﹤25Kg/m2

麻醉诱导和监测指标  术前肌注鲁米那0.1g、阿托品0.5mg。入室应用Datex-Ohmeda监测仪持续监测无创血压、Ⅱ导联心电图(ECG)、心率(HR)和SpO2。开放外周静脉通路,以5mlŸkg-1Ÿh-1输注乳酸林格氏液,在局麻下行桡动脉穿刺置管查血气。应用TOF-Watch-SX肌松监测仪监测肌松药起效时间,确定气管插管时间。

诱导前,去枕平卧,CPAP组先调节麻醉机环路的溢气阀(APL)使环路内最高限压为6cmH2O,紧扣面罩(完全密闭),患者自主呼吸,麻醉机氧流量10L/min,给予CPAPC组患者自主呼吸,氧流量10L/min,面罩完全密闭通气(APL限压为0cmH2O)。面罩给氧持续2min后麻醉诱导,静脉注射芬太尼4ug/kg、丙泊酚2mg/kg,意识消失后开启肌松检测仪,注射罗库溴铵0.6mg/kg,并开始计时,面罩仍紧扣至气管插管前, TOFR0时行经口明视下气管内插管并固定,此时不连接麻醉机,直至SpO2降至90%(无通气安全时限),立即接Datex-Ohmeda麻醉呼吸机控制呼吸予以通气。记录入室后(T1)、诱导后(T2)、插管后(T3)、SpO2降至90%时(T90)的血压(mmHg)、心率(b/m);无通气安全时限(s);分别于吸氧2min时(Tx)、SpO2降至90%(T90)抽血行血气分析(i-STAT血气分析仪)。手术中由外科医生评估胃胀气情况。

统计分析  应用SAS6.12软件进行分析,计量资料用均数±标准差( ±s)表示,组内用配对t检验,组间用非配对t检验,P0.05为差异有显着意义。

结果

一般情况和安全无通气时限  两组患者性别构成比、年龄、身高、体重、术前Hb以及吸空气时的SpO2无统计学差异。CPAP组的无通气安全时限为(561.1±31.8sC组为(461.4±30.4sCPAP组显着长于C组(P0.05)(表1)。

动脉血气分析  两组吸氧2min时(TxPaO2有统计学差异, CPAPPaO2显着高于C组(P0.05,CPAPPaCO2略高于C组,但无显着统计学差异。两组SpO2降至90%(T90)PaCO2有统计学差异,CPAP组显着高于C组(P0.05,两组T90PaO2无显着统计学差异(表2)。

血压和心率  两组入室时(T1)、诱导完后(T2)血压、心率无差异。插管后(T3CPAP组平均动脉压略有降低(74.9±2.4),但两组之间统计学无显着差异。两者心率无差异。SpO2降至90%(T90)CPAP组心率略有上升(870±3.9,但无统计学差异,两组平均动脉压无差异。

讨论

麻醉前的吸氧去氮目的在于增加肺内氧的贮备延长插管期间无通气的安全时限避免发生缺氧正常人体内氧的储量主要来源于肺的储备即肺泡气的氧浓度与肺功能残气量(FRC)的乘积。预给氧时正压通气可以增加FRC,延长无通气安全时限。有研究发现诱导后手控通气10次,气道峰压40cmH2O1分钟后改为呼气末正压通气(PEEP 5cmH2O),动脉氧分压明显升高[1]增大潮气量,加用PEEP,可延长无通气安全时限[2]Rusca[3]联合CPAPPEEP共给氧5分钟,无通气时限明显增加。Herriger[4]做了进一步的研究,予以100%氧气CPAP6cmH20),诱导后经面罩机械通气用PEEP (6cmH20),发现正压通气较无正压通气的无通气安全时限延长2分钟多。以上的研究表明无论单用PEEP或者联合CPAP,无通气安全时限均有提高。但镇静患者无论是手控通气还是面罩下PEEP,不能完全避免因通气而引起的胃胀气。

持续正压通气(CPAP)是在自主呼吸前提下,在整个呼吸周期内人为施加一定程度的气道内压力,以防止气道和肺泡萎陷。CPAP时,吸气期由于恒定正压气流大于吸气气流,使潮气流量增加;呼气期气道内正压,可防止肺泡萎陷,增加FRC,提高机体氧储备。同时,由于CPAP是在自主呼吸下进行,所以压力可以按照患者要求调整,完全无胃胀气之虞。

本研究显示应用CPAP6cmH20)与同条件下自主呼吸相比较,CPAP可以提高机体内动脉氧分压(505.7±16.5448.1±17.8)(见表2),延长无通气安全时限(561.1±31.8461.4±30.4)(见表1)。这与Cressey[5]研究结果不同,其选择病态肥胖女性为研究对象,应用持续气道正压(CPAP,7.5cmH20)进行预吸氧,但CPAP组的无通气安全时限无明显延长。其原因可能有,其一,病态肥胖患者的FRC较正常人小且小于肺闭合容量[6]。其二,肥胖患者无通气期组织耗氧量相对增加。其三,自主呼吸的患者应用CPAP,移去面罩1分钟后FRC就恢复到未应用CPAP前的水平[7]。本研究设计中面罩一直保持至插管前。

本研究显示两组SpO2降至90%时的动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)有统计学差异,CPAP组显著高于C组。有模拟人体研究发现:在无通气最初几秒钟, PaCO2大约升高6mmHg,随后,PaCO2大约以3.75mmHg.min-1速度递增,无通气10分钟大致可产生78mmHg[89]CPAP无通气安全时限长,二氧化碳的产生和蓄积较C组严重(67.1±1.761.6±1.5P0.05,但仍在安全范围内(见表2

CPAP时,增加胸内压,影响心血管功能。已有报道应用CPAP对心血管系统有一定副作用[10]。本研究未发现任何明显的心血管方面的副作用。插管后CPAP组平均动脉压略有降低,但两组之间统计学无显著差异。SpO2降至90%CPAP组心率略有上升,但无统计学差异,与SpO2降至90%CPAPPaCO2较高有关,二氧化碳是内源性刺激心率增加的因子。两组平均动脉压无差异(见表3)。

理论上镇静患者在面罩下行正压通气,当压力超过20cmH20时易发生胃膨胀和胃内容返流误吸。研究中CPAP压力为6cmH20未发现一例胃内进气。这与Cressey的研究结果相同。加大压力可能可以进一步增加FRC,延长无通气安全时限,但增加了发生胃膨胀和胃内容返流误吸危险性。研究中CPAP组有2例患者诉不适,经解释后表示配合。

综上所述,在诱导之前完全密闭面罩持续正压通气(6cmH2O2分钟的预给氧方法简单有效,可以提高氧分压,延长无通气安全时限(100s),且对循环影响小,又可避免因人工通气导致的胃胀气,增加了全麻诱导期安全性,对于非禁食的急诊患者和腹腔镜手术患者更有临床意义。

 

参考文献

1. Pang CK, Yap J, Chen PP. The effect of an alveolar recruitment strategy on oxygenation during laparascopic cholecystectomy. Anaesth Intensive Care, 2003,31:176-180.

2. Tusman G,Bohm SH,Vazquez de Anda GF,et al.Alveolar recruitment strategy improves arterial oxygenation during general anesthesia.Br J Anaesth,1999,82:8-13.

3. Rusca M, Proietti S, Schnyder P, et al. Prevention of atelectasis formation during induction of general anesthesia.Anesth Analg,2003,97:1835-1839.

4. Herriger A,Frascarolo P,Spahn DR,et al.The effect of positive airway pressure during pre-oxygenation and induction of anaesthesia upon duration of non-hypoxic apnoea. Anaesthesia,2004,59:243-247.

5.   Cressey DM,Berthoud MC,Reilly CS.Effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure to enhance pre-oxygenation in morbidly obese women,Anaesthesia,2001,56:

680-684.

6. Damia G, Mascheroni D, Croci M, Tarenzi L. Perioperative changes in functional residual capacity in morbidly obese patients. Br J Anaesth,1988,60:574-578.

7. Harvey LA, Ellis ER. The effect of continuous positive airwaypressures on lung volumes in tetraplegic patients. Paraplegia 1996,34:54-58.

8. Gentz BA,Shupak RC,Bhatt SB,et al.Carbon dioxide dynamics during apneic oxygenation:the effects of preceeding hypocapnia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia.

1998,10:189–194.

9. Hardman JG,Wills JS,Aitkenhead AR.Factors determining the onset and course of hypoxaemia during apnoea:an investigation using physiological modelling.Anesthesia and Analgesia,2000,90:619–624.

10.        Mountner PK, Greene R, Murata GH, Stark DM, Timms M, Chick TW. Haemodynamic effects of nasal and face mask continuous positive airway pressure. American

Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1994149:1614-1618.

 

来顶一下
返回首页
返回首页

本周热点文章

站内搜索: 高级搜索
关于我们 | 主编信箱 | 广告查询 | 联系我们 | 网站地图 |