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一、临床资料 图 1
图 2 图 3 图 4 例3:男性,66岁。以“进行性吞咽困难半年”为主诉于2007年3月19日入院。胃镜及病理诊断为食管下段鳞癌。既往吸烟史40余年,每日20支;饮酒史30年,每日半斤。3月26日行食管癌切除、胃食管主动脉弓下吻合术。术后应用头孢吡肟(2.0g,每12小时一次静滴),替硝唑(0.4g,每12小时一次静滴)。3月30日病人出现呼吸困难,体温38.7℃,血气分析:PH 7.38,PaC02:36mmHg,PaO2/FiO2=140;周围血白细胞28.7×109/L,中性粒细胞91.64%, Na+:132mmol/L,C1-99 mmol/L;ALT:56mmol/L,ALP:132mmol/L, T-BiL:46.3 mmol/L。PT15.3s,APTT50.1s。紧急气管插管接呼吸机辅助通气。诊断重症院内获得性肺炎,应用美洛培南(1.0,每12小时一次)、替考拉宁(0.4g,日一次静滴)抗感染治疗。病情不见好转,于4月2日行气管切开术、机械通气,转入ICU病房。双肺CT如图5。痰培养(31/3、1/4、2/4)阴性。4月4日应用莫西沙星(0.4g,日一次静滴)、红霉素(0.6g,日一次静滴)。病人存在低钠血症,Na+波动于128~135(每日补充8~12克Na+)。病情逐渐平稳,4月9日撤机,改为侧管吸氧。4月12日转回胸科病房。军团菌抗体(16/4)LP1( 1:400)阳性。4月20日复查双肺CT如图6。
表1:CNKI检索1990~2007年国内报道的NLP病例 军团菌是一种条件致病菌,易感者多见于男性、年迈体弱和吸烟酗酒者,原有心肺疾病、全麻手术、糖尿病、肾衰弱 、肿瘤、艾滋病者,使用糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂者,孕妇、幼儿、透析或器官移植者。本组3例患者均有以上多个易感因素:例1、3均为老年男性,吸烟史,恶性肿瘤,胸部手术且手术创伤大,术中长时间单肺通气;例2为脊髓损伤、四肢瘫痪,长期卧床,有应用激素病史,术后自主咳痰能力差、呼吸肌活动受累(与颈髓损伤相关)。 【参考文献】 [1] Huthinson DN.Nosocomial Legionellosis.Rev Med Microbiol 1990,1:108-115. [2] 中华结核和呼吸杂志编辑委员会.军团菌肺炎诊断标准(试行).中华结核和呼吸杂志, l992,15:281. [3] Roig J, Aguilar X, Ruiz J, et al. Comparative study of Legionella pneumophila and other nosocomial-acquired pneumonias.Chest,1991,99:344-350. [4] Gacouin A,Le Tulzo Y,Lavoue S,et al.Severe pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila: prognostic factors,impact of delayed appropriate antimicrobial therapy.Intensive Care Med,2002:686-691. [5] 马俊义,孙希武,张聪敏,等.医院内军团菌病暴发流行29例报告.临床荟萃,1993,8:1023-1024. [6] 周一平,叶又蓁,叶辛谟.院内军团菌感染2例.中国危重病急救医学,1998,10:101. [7] 苏文娟,陈秉良,关绍晨.院内和社区获得性军团菌肺炎71例临床分析.首都医科大学学报,1999,20:113-115. [8] 杨福荫,刘法永,戴丽,等.老年院内获得性肺外表现军团菌的临床特点.中华医院感染学杂志.2000,10:107-108. [9] 何礻韦,柴静媛.白血病合并军团菌肺炎二例.临床内科杂志.2002,19:167. [10] 邓静敏,阳显慧.军团菌肺炎13例临床分析.广西医科大学学报,2003,20:574-575. [11] Sopena N,Sabria-leal M,Pedro-Botet ML,et al.Comparative study of the clinical presentation of legionella pneumonia and other community-acquired pneumonias.Chest,1998,113:1195-1200. [12] Mulazimoglu l,Yu VL .Can legionnaires,disease be diagnosed by clinical criteria: a critical review.Chest,2001,120:1049-1053. [13] Wever P,Yzerman EO,Kuijiper EJ,Speelman P,et al.Rapid diagnosis of legionnaires,disease using an immunochromatographaphic assay for legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine during an outbreak in netherland.J Clin Microbiol,2000,38:2738-2739. [14] Formica N,Yates M,Beers M,etal.The impact of diagnosis by legionella urinary antigen test on the epidemiology and outcomes of legionnaires,disease.Epidemiol Infect,2001,127:275-280. [15] Roig J,Rello J,Yu VL.Legionnaires disease: a guide to diagnosis and therapy.J Respir Dis,2002,23:229-234. [16] Edeletein PH.Chemotherapy of legionnaires,disease with macrolide or quinolone antimicrobial agents.in:Marre R,Kmaik YA,Bartlett C,etal.Editors.Legionella.1st ed.Washington DC:American Society for Microbiology Press,2002.183-188. [17] Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcare-associated Pneumonia.American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2005,171:388-416. [18] C.H.Heath,D.I.Grove,D.F.M.Looke.Delay in appropriate therapy of legionella pneumonia associated with increased mortality.Eur J Clin.Microbiol Infect Dis.1996,15:286-290. [19] 江思力,马林,冯文如,等.医院内军团菌污染状况及其防制对策.疾病监测,2005,20:347-349. [20] Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep,1997,3,46(RR-1):1-79. [21] Darelid J,Lofgrens,Malmvall BE.Control of nosocomial legionnaires,disease by keeping the circulating hot water temperature above 55℃;Experience from a 10 year surveillance programme in a district general hospital.J Hosp Infect 2002,50:213-219. [22] Legnani PD,Leoni E,Corradini N.Legionella contamination of hospital water supplies:monitoring of private health care facilities in bologna,italy.J Hosp Infect,2002,50:220-223. |
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