四、 局部麻醉药 (一) 对白细胞功能的影响 罗哌卡因和利多卡因降低中性粒细胞L-选择素的脱落,上调TNF-α所致的CD11b/CD18表达;在大鼠颊部微静脉,罗哌卡因通过降低小动脉直径和血流来抑制白三烯B4所致增加白细胞的滚动和黏附。用利多卡因4-20μM孵育中性粒细胞、1-100μM孵育巨嗜细胞可以明显见到其对白细胞移位的抑制作用。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 临床相关浓度的外消旋布比卡因,降低中性粒细胞对Staph.aureus的吞噬作用,并进一步降低Fcγ受体和CD35(一种补体受体)的表达。离体实验[13]中,1mg/ml的利多卡因抑制中性粒细胞对E.coli的吞噬作用(抑制率50%)。布比卡因和利多卡因还都可以减少中性粒细胞产生活性氧[14]。 (二)局麻药对全身炎症和肺损伤的影响 抗心律失常剂量的利多卡因可以降低内毒素所致的鼠肠系膜微循环大分子的漏出。利多卡因还能降低肺顺应性、肺阻力和湿/干重比值的变化、降低肺泡/动脉氧分压差以及降低肺中性粒细胞浸润及伴随的急性肺损伤的组织学改变,并可改善循环血液中血小板和白细胞计数。 五、 麻醉方式对免疫功能的影响 不同的麻醉药(上述)和麻醉方式会对免疫系统产生不同的影响。麻醉药可能通过直接(作用于免疫细胞)和间接(调节应激反应)两种方式影响到免疫功能;而不同的麻醉方式则可能是主要通过影响应激激素的释放来发挥间接的免疫调节作用。 早期的临床研究曾表明:在神经安定镇痛术麻醉下实施子宫切除术,病人NK细胞活性被抑制达3天之久,而如果实施硬膜外麻醉则观察不到此种抑制。形成这种区别的原因在于:硬膜外麻醉更好地抑制病人的应激反应,从而减弱了因糖皮质激素和去甲肾上腺素释放对免疫系统的间接影响。局部麻醉如硬膜外或蛛网膜下腔阻滞,可以通过阻断交感神经冲动的传入而抑制手术应激,从而改善免疫功能,这尤其见于其用于四肢和盆腔手术。但是,当胸腔等大手术时,全身麻醉就显示出必要性以达到更好地抑制应激反应的目的。 总之,ICU常用的一些麻醉或镇痛剂能够调节免疫细胞的功能。此外,在了解术后ICU病人的免疫功能时,有必要将手术创伤、麻醉方式和麻醉药物结合起来考虑。 参考文献 1. McBride WT, Armstrong MA, McBride SJ. Immunomodulation: an important concept in modern anaesthesia. Anaesthesia, 1996,51:465-1473. 2. Sharp BM, Roy S, Bidlack JM. Evidence for opioid receptors on cells involved in host defense and the immune system. J Neuroimmunol, 1998,83:45-56. 3. Philippe D, Dubuquoy L, Groux H, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of the mu opioid receptor support its use in the treatment of colon inflammation. J Clin Invest,2003,111:1329-1338. 4. Ni X, Gritman KR, Eisenstein TK, et al. Morphine attenuates leukocyte/endothelial interactions. Microvasc Res,2000,60:121-130. 5. Peterson PK, Molitor TW, Chao CC. The opioid-cytokine connection. J Neuroimmunol, 1998,83:63-9. 6. Singhal PC, Kapasi AA, Franki N, et al. Morphine-induced macrophage apoptosis: the role of transforming growth factor-beta. Immunology,2000,100:57-62. 7. Nagata T, Kansha M, Irita K,et al. Propofol inhibits FMLP-stimulated phosphorylation of p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and chemotaxis in human neutrophils. Br J Anaesth, 2001,86:853-858. 8. Goto Y, O'Malley C, Fanning NF, et al. Benzodiazepines inhibit the rate of neutrophil apoptosis. Ir J Med Sci, 2003,172:191-194. 9. Inada T, Taniuchi S, Shingu K, et al. Propofol depressed neutrophil hydrogen peroxide production more than midazolam, whereas adhesion molecule expression was minimally affected by both anesthetics in rats with abdominal sepsis. Anesth Analg, 2001,92:437-441. 10. Marino F, Cattaneo S, Cosentino M, et al. Diazepam stimulates migration and phagocytosis of human neutrophils: possible contribution of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors and intracellular calcium. Pharmacology,2001,63:42-49. 11. Swanton BJ, Iohom G, Wang JH, et al. The effect of lidocaine on neutrophil respiratory burst during induction of general anaesthesia and tracheal intubation. Eur J Anaesthesiol,2001,18:524-529. 12. Galley HF, DiMatteo MA, Webster NR. Immunomodulation by anaesthetic, sedative and analgesic agents: does it matter? Intensive Care Med,2000,26:267-274. 13. Azuma Y, Shinohara M, Wang PL, et al. Comparison of inhibitory effects of local anesthetics on immune functions of neutrophils. Int J Immunopharmacol,2000,22:789-796. 14. Hollmann MW, Gross A, Jelacin N, et al. Local anesthetic effects on priming and activation of human neutrophils. Anesthesiology, 2001,95:113-122. |