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氯普鲁卡用于术后硬膜外镇痛的临床研究

时间:2010-08-24 09:06:02  来源:  作者:

Clinical Investigation of Chloroprocaine for Epidural Analgesia after Operation<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

傅润乔*  薛绵荣*  徐 伟*  田 鸣+  岳 云#

*同济大学北京微创医院(筹),北京市垂杨柳医院麻醉医学中心,北京100022

+首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院麻醉科,北京100050

#首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院麻醉科,北京100020

Run-qiao Fu*, Mian-rong Xue*, Wei Xu*, Ming Tian+ and Yun Yue#

*Center of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chui Yangliu Hospital, Tongji University, Beijing 100022

+Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Youyi Hospital, Affiliate of Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050

#Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Affiliate of Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100020

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the analgesic effect of domestic chloroprocaine for epidural block after operation. Methods: 30 patients undergoing caesarean section, 30 patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy and 45 patients undergoing orthopedics of lower limbs, were random divided into A1(n=15) and A2(n=15) of obstetrics, A1(n=15) and A2(n=15) of gynecology, A1(n=15), A2(n=15) and A3(n=15) of orthopedics. All patients were used continuous epidural anesthesia with 3% chloroprocaine, and given a continuous epidural analgesia with 1%(A1) or 1.2%(A2) chloroprocaine, or 1.2% chloroprocaine + 0.0002% fentanyl(A3).
Results:① The post-operative pain relief were satisfactory, VAS were less than 20mm, and 1.2% chloroprocaine is better, in the obstetrics group and gynecology groups. ② The VAS were at ranges of 31.1
±5.9~60.6±12.4 mm, 9 patients asked a epidural bolus of 3% chloroprocaine 5ml + morphine 1mg, and 4 patients were given two times the bolus in orthopedics A1. The VAS maintain at 8.1±1.5~25.7±5.8 in orthopedics A2, and they were lower significantly (P<0.01) than those at corresponding times in orthopaedics A1. The VAS were further decrease and none asked a additional analgesic, in orthopedics A3. ③ The motor blockade (Bromage class) were 0.

Conclusions:
① 1% and 1.2% chlororprocaine for epidural block can effectively relive pain after caesarean section. ② The 1.2% chloroprocaine is better than 1% chloroprocaine for pain relief after hysterectomy. ③ 1% chloroprocaine is not enough for pain relief, and at least 1.2% concentration of chloroprocaine is needed for epidural postoperative analgesia after lower limb orthopedic surgery. ④ 1% and 1.2% concentrations of chloroprocaine for epidural block have no significant motor blockade and side-effect.
Key words: Analgesia, epidural; Chloroprocaine; Fentanyl
Corresponding author: Run-qiao Fu, MD; E-mail: runqiao@yahoo.com.cn

  国产盐酸氯普鲁卡因(Chloroprocaine Hydrochloride)已成功地用于局部浸润麻醉、神经阻滞、硬膜外麻醉等[1-3]。用于术后硬膜外镇痛报道较少,我们对此进行了研究。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

资料与方法

1. 病例选择
  选择均为上午手术的足月剖宫产、经腹子宫切除和下肢骨关节手术病例。要求神志清晰,年龄20~65岁,ASA 1~2级。
2. 病例分组与药物选择
  根据前期临床预实验,分别取产科30例、妇科30例、骨科45例,随机分为产A1、A2, 妇A1、A2,骨A1、A2、A3亚组。A1药物配方为1%盐酸氯普鲁卡因(可普诺0.5g粉剂5支用生理盐水稀释成250ml于镇痛泵中),A2为1.2%盐酸氯普鲁卡因(可普诺0.5g粉剂6支用生理盐水稀释成250ml于镇痛泵中),A3同A2镇痛泵+芬太尼0.5mg。镇痛泵中为韩国Accufuser,5ml•h-1
3. 麻醉方法
  病人入室先接生命监护仪(心电图、血压、脉搏氧饱和等),并开放外周静脉。均在侧卧位选择L
2-3棘突间隙硬膜外穿刺,置入硬膜外导管3.5cm。平卧后给予3%氯普鲁卡因5ml试验,5分钟后追加3%氯普鲁卡因12ml。局麻药中含肾上腺素1:200 000单位。术中每隔50分钟规律追加3%氯普鲁卡因6~7ml维持麻醉。
4. 术后镇痛
  在手术结束时接上并开发镇痛泵,开泵前如果在15分钟内已给麻醉维持量时不需给负荷量,否则给5~6ml维持药作为负荷量。如果术后镇痛期效果不佳,病人要求加强镇痛时,则经硬膜外注入3%氯普鲁卡因5ml+吗啡1mg。
5. 病例排除
  对氯普鲁卡因等酯类局麻药敏感者。有药物滥用者。有慢性疼痛病史者。穿刺或置管时碰及神经根、硬膜外腔有出血麻醉效果不全者。神经阻滞平面上界不达T8, 下界不到骶3者。单侧肢体麻醉者。术中需要用杜冷丁、芬太尼、曲马多或异丙酚强化麻醉者。
6. 镇痛效果评估与记录
  分别于开泵时,开泵后2h、4h、8h,术后第一天、第二天的8:00、12:00、16:00时随访并记录:①各时点休息时VAS评分(0为无痛,100分为最痛);②运动阻滞程度(改良Bromage评分:0为没有运动阻滞,1为不能直腿抬高,2为不能屈膝,3为不能屈踝);③感觉阻滞平面(用酒精纱布测试);④硬膜外镇痛结束后患者对镇痛的总体评价(完全无痛,轻度疼痛,一直轻度疼痛有时中度疼痛,一直中度疼痛有时重度疼痛,所有镇痛药无效);⑤是否需要额外的镇痛药并记录。
7. 药物不良反应
  如嗜睡、躁动、头晕、意识不佳、口周麻木、恶心、呕吐、抽搐、神经损伤、尿潴留、肛门排气等等。
8. 统计学处理
  所有计数资料用±s表达。均数间的差异用团体t检验,P<0.05 表示差异有显著意义,P<0.01表示差异有极显著意义。

结 果<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

1. 一般资料
  7组中产科两组之内,妇科两组之内,骨科三组之内在姓名、年龄、体重、手术程度上无明显差异,见表1。
2. VAS评分(见表2)与补充用药
  产科:A1组在术后前4小时内评分为0,之后开始有痛感,VAS在5.6
±1.6~7.5±1.7。A2组VAS为3.6±1.1~5.1±1.0。两组各时点相比无明显差异,均未诉求止痛药。
  妇科:A1组在术后前4小时内评分为0,之后观察结果有痛感,VAS平均分数10.2±3.3~19.8±5.4。A2组前4小时内评分亦为0,此后评分在6.4±1.0~7.8±1.4。两组亦均未诉求止痛药。
  骨科: A1组前2小时内评分为0,此后评分为31.1±5.9~60.6±12.4,其中9例接受一次硬膜外追加3%氯普鲁卡因5ml+吗啡1mg,4例接受2次用药。A2组前2小时内评分亦为0,此后评分为8.1±1.5~25.7±5.8,有3例接受一次硬膜外追加3%氯普鲁卡因5ml+吗啡1mg,其余未追加用药。A3组前2小时内评分为0,此后评分为4.5±1.4~6.8±1.5,无一例诉求额外止痛药。
3. 上界感觉阻滞平面(胸段)
  各科组间感觉神经阻滞平面一致,产科和妇科高骨科一个节段,见表3。
4. Bromage评级
  全部病人在手术结束时下肢运动阻滞均为3级,2小时后逐渐恢复至6小时均为0级(骨科病人测试健腿)。其中产妇次日均能按需求下床行走。
5. 血压、心率的变化
  术后镇痛期间全部6组循环均稳定,无一例低血压和心动过速。
6. 病人对术后镇痛期内对疼痛的总体评价
  产科认为全部为无痛。妇科A1组5例无痛,10例轻度疼痛。A2组14例无痛,1例认为轻度疼痛。骨科A1组1例轻度疼痛,8例一直轻度有时中度疼痛,6例则一直中度有时重度疼痛;A2组3例完全无痛,10例轻度疼痛,2例一直轻度有时中度疼痛;A3组13例完全无痛,2例仅轻度疼痛。见表4。
7. 术后肛门排气时间
  术后肛门排气时间骨科快于产科和妇科,骨科A3比A1、A2快,见表5。
8. 不良反应
  全部105例无一例与氯普鲁卡因镇痛有关的不良反应。

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