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经食管超声心动图对不停跳冠状动脉搭桥患者心脏功能的评估

时间:2010-08-24 09:06:59  来源:  作者:

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To assess heart function of the patients undergoing off pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery by transesophageal echocardiography

史宏伟*,石莉,施韬,徐晨婕,葛亚力,朱健明

(南京医科大学附属南京第一医院麻醉科,江苏 南京 210006)

 

SHI Hong-wei*,SHI Li,SHI Tao,XU Chen-jie,GE Ya-li,ZHU Jian-ming

Department of Anesthesiology,Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated of NJMU,Nanjing 210006,China)

 

Abstract

  Objective:To assess preoperative and postoperative heart function indices of the patients undergoing off pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).

  Methods:Thirty-five anesthetized patients undergoing elective CABG and being monitored with TEE and pulmonary artery catheter were studied. They were 28 males and 7 females,mean age (63.8±9.4) years and average weight (70.0±7.7)kg. The criteria were as follws:①Fractional area changes(FAC);②Cardiac output through left ventricle outflow trace (CO);③Doppler TEE studies were performed and transmitral flow (TMF) and left upper pulmonary venous flow (PVF) velocities were recorded. TMF indices including Peak early (E) and late (A) TMF velocities,deceleration time (DT) and ratios of peak velocities of E wave versus peak velocities of A waves (E/A);④Ventricle systolic (S) and diastolic (D) forward PVF velocities and atrial systolic (AR) retro PVF velocities were measured. All of the indices were recordered,and statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test and F test,with P value less than 0.05 statistically significant.

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  Results:Compared with the preoperative patients,the postoperative patients had:higher TMF E wave velocity (55.0±13.8v69.2±17.8cm/s,P<0.01)and A wave velocity (53.3±17.0v61.5±16.1cm/s,P<0.01) and higher PVF systolic wave velocity (37.6±13.3v48.7±14.4cm/s,P<0.01),diastolic wave velocity (31.5±8.5v39.1±9.8cm/s,P<0.01)and AR wave velocity (15.7±5.3v19.3±4.8cm/s,P<0.01) and higher left ventricular fractional area change (43.3%±13.8%v53.3%±12.5%,P<0.01) and CO (4.0±1.0v5.5±1.5L/min,P<0.01);but changes of E/A,DT and ratio of PVF systolic to diastolic wave velocity (S/D) were of no significance. Compared with patients in the group using inotropic agent,those in the group without inotropic agent had higher E/A in preoperation (0.9±0.3v1.2±0.5,P<0.05) and lower S/D in postoperation (1.4±0.2v1.2±0.3,P<0.05). Compared with patients in the E/A <1 group,those in the E/A ≥1 group had lower S/D in preoperation and postoperation (1.3±0.4v1.1±0.4 and 1.4±0.3v1.2±0.3,P<0.05) and lower AR in preoperation (18.0±6.3v14.2±4.1cm/s,P<0.05). The patients in the E/A<1 group had higher proportion to need inotropic agents than those in the E/A≥1 group.

  Conclusion:It is TEE that can assess and distinguish heart systolic and diastolic function of the patients undergoing CABG surgery. The data suggest left ventricle diastolic is prevalent in these patients. Heart systolic function improves promptly and significantly after revascularization,but diastolic function does not.

  Key words:transesophageal echocardiography;coronary artery bypass graft;heart function

 

  传统方法用肺动脉导管技术对心脏功能进行评估,但是近年来,随着经食管超声心动图(transesoph-ageal echocardiongraphy,TEE)技术的广泛应用,术中心脏功能的监测已成为一项重要内容,对判断手术疗效和指导临床治疗具有一定的价值。本文采用TEE技术对不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCABG)患者手术前后心脏功能的变化进行评价。

 

  1. 资料和方法

  1.1. 一般资料

  自2003年4月~2004年4月,采用TEE技术完成35例OPCABG患者心脏功能的监测。美国麻醉医师学会(ASA)病情估计分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,男性28例,女性7例,平均年龄(63.8±9.4)岁(44~78岁),体重(70.0±7.7)kg(59~90kg),无二尖瓣反流和心房纤颤。其中合并高血压24例,糖尿病6例,稳定心绞痛7例,不稳定型28例,心肌梗死8例,慢性充血心力衰竭1例,肾功能不全1例,左心室肥厚3例。平均冠状动脉病变(2.8±0.7)支,搭桥(2.9±0.9)支。

  1.2. 方法普勒

  采用咪唑安定、芬太尼、哌库溴铵、丙泊酚加异氟醚静吸复合全身麻醉,用多功能监护仪(Agilent Anesthesia V26)连续监测ECG、桡动脉平均压(MAP)和体温等;经右颈内静脉置入Swan-Ganz导管,美国CCO/SvO2监测仪(Baxter),连续测定心排血量(CO)、肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、中心静脉压(CVP)和混合静脉血氧饱和度(SvO2)等。

  1.3. TEE检测方法和指标

  全麻诱导气管内插管后将美国惠普公司HP5500彩色超声多普勒仪的TEE探头经口腔置入食管。根据美国超声医学会(ASE)/美国心血管麻醉医师学会(SCA)围术期TEE指南施行TEE检测[1]。主要观察指标:①面积减少分数(fractionnal areavhange,FAC),左室短轴中乳头肌水平测量舒张末期面积(EDA)、收缩末期面积(ESA),计算(EDA-ESA)/EDA;②心排血量(CO),经M和二维超声约120°,测左室流出道(LVOT)内径,PW 取样容积置左室流出道测量血流速度时间积分(VTI),根据公式每搏量(SV)=0.785×LVOT2×VTI和HR计算;③E/A比率,90°左心二腔切面,经二尖瓣尖脉冲多普勒(pulse wave,PW) 血流频谱(TMF)观察舒张早期充盈波(E波)和舒张晚期充盈波(A波)的峰值流速,计算比率;E波减速时间(DT),测量从E波顶点到其返回基线的时间;④经左上肺静脉血流频谱(pulmonary venous flow,PVF);1个心动周期中的心室收缩期,心房舒张,肺静脉血流流入心房,形成静脉压力曲线的S波;进入心室舒张期则形成压力曲线的D波;心室舒张末期,心房收缩,引起肺静脉血反流,即AR波,测量PVF3个波的峰值流速.。记录术前(指麻醉诱导后,锯胸骨前)和术后(指关闭胸骨时,未使用正性肌力药前)上述各项指标;若搭桥后关闭胸骨时PCWP>16mmHg(1mmHg=0.133 kPa)、CI≤2.1L/min-1/m-2和SBP<90mmHg,则使用正性肌力药,并测量用药后25min的上述各项指标。TEE的各项参数均测量2个心动周期取其平均值。

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  1.4 统计学方法

  所有计量资料用均数±标准差()表示,采用SPSS 11.5 for windows 行方差分析(F 检验)和t检验P<0.05为差异有显著性。

 

  2结果

  与术前比较,二尖瓣血流频谱(TMF)的E波、A波和肺静脉血流频谱(PVF)的S波、D波和AR波峰值速度、FAC、CO、CVP值均显著增加(P<0.01或P<0.05),而E/A、DT、S/D/PCWP和SvO2无明显变化(表1);术后有7例同时使用米力农、多巴胺和尼卡的平(正性肌力药组),且均为不稳定型心绞痛,余28例仅使用尼卡的平(非正性肌力药组),其E/A、S/D和AR的变化见表2;依据TMF的E/A<1和≥1将他们分为2组,各组PVF的S/D和AR值与FAC和CO的变化见表3。

 

  3 讨论

  通过TEE可提供有价值的信息,其在心血管手术中诊断的可靠性和作为一种监测手段辅助血流动力学的管理已得到广泛认可[1]。可动态观察心脏的结构和功能[2];监测疾病进程和药物疗效;经二尖瓣和肺静脉血流频谱反映左室舒张功能;通过二尖瓣或三尖瓣反流计算SBP或肺动脉压、大静脉血流频谱计算右房压等紧急评估早期心肌缺血[3~5]

  FAC作为与射血分数(EF)同样有价值的指标,表1反映了术前心脏收缩功能轻度减退和术后的改善,与CO的变化一致;表明CABG后由于心肌供血的迅速改善,能迅速提高心肌的收缩力,增加心排血量与肺动脉导管监测的结果一致[6]。左室舒张功能不全的研究近年来得到重视。而TEE的多谱勒技术多采用TMF和PVF来评价左室的舒张功能[7~10]。因此,TEE能够区分心脏的收缩功能和舒张功能,而传统的肺动脉导管技术难以对心室的舒张功能评价。

  表1中DT、E/A和S/D的变化,提示手术前后左室舒张功能无明显变化,但术后TMF中A波和PVF中D波峰速度显著加快,提示左房收缩功能改善[10]。术后E波和S波的峰速度显著加快,提示左室收缩功能显著改善。

  左室舒张是一个涉及心肌松弛、心室硬度、心室硬度、心率、心室间相互作用、心房收缩力及冠脉张力等多种因素的复杂过程。正常情况下,TMF中E/A比值大于1,PVF中S/D为1.04,如果E/A值小于1或(和)S/D值升高,提示心室舒张功能受损[11]。笔者发现E波和A波易受到前负荷和心率等影响,心率大于90次/min时E波和A波融合,难以区分,但是PVF中D波的减低或S/D大于1提示手术前左室舒张功能的减退和术后并无改善,且不受心率的变化。此研究的结果与Royse等[10]研究CABG前86例患者TMF值(E/A为1.1)和PVF值(S/D为1.5)基本一致。因此冠心病患者普遍存在左室舒张功能的减退,且手术后早期无显著变化,但有待于进一步动态观察。

  AR波对定量评价左室舒张功能是最有价值的指标,与左室舒张末压(LVEDP)有良好正相关,LVEDP=0.48AR-1.6[11],根据表1的AR值,计算本组35例患者手术前后的LVEDP分别为(5.9±0.9)mmHg和(7.7±0.7)mmHg,尽管有明显升高但均在正常范围。而PCWP手术前后无明显变化,可见PCWP反映LVEDP有局限性,而AR或LVEDP与CVP的变化一致。

  由表2可知,例患者使用正性肌力药后,左室收缩功能(指标FAC和CO)显著改善#与非使用组无显著差异。但是,左室舒张功能却有显著的差异,即需使用正性肌力药组的左室舒张功能减退更严重,且均为不稳定型心绞痛患者。提示临床中对CABG患者,使用正性肌力药(如多巴胺和米力农)并不能立即改善舒张功能,需加强术后舒张功能的长期动态研究,了解左室舒张功能是否改善。

  依据TMF的E/A值将患者分为E/A<1组和E/A≥1组,表3提示,E/A<1组的左室舒张功能不全显著重于E/A≥1组(S/D和AR值显著大于E/A>1组),而收缩功能无显著差别,二者有良好的相关性。当TMF中E/A<1时左室舒张功能减退,E/A≥1时,可能舒张功能正常或假性正常化,但通过PVF可以区分。结果还提示,E/A<1组有更多比例患者需正性肌力药。

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  TEE可评价和区分CABG患者的心脏收缩和舒张功能,CABG患者术前存在舒张功能不全,而再血管化后,心脏收缩功能的改善早于舒张功能,术后早期舒张功能不全依然存在。

 

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