[摘要] 目的 评价瑞芬太尼不同输注速率诱导对老年患者气管插管反应的影响。方法 30例择期上腹部手术老年患者随机分为3组(n=10),麻醉诱导开始时,分别静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.05 (R0.05组)、0.10(R0.10组)、0.15μg·kg-1·min-1(R0.15组),10 min后静脉注射咪唑安定0.1mg·kg-1,意识消失后静脉注射琥珀胆碱1.5mg·kg-1,行气管插管,记录输注瑞芬太尼前即刻、气管插管前即刻、插管后即刻、插管后2、5、10 min血压(BP)、心率(HR),并于各时点采静脉血检测肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)水平;记录各组插管反应和肌僵、低血压等副反应的发生情况。结果 R0.05组气管插管后即刻、2 min BP升高,HR增快;R0.10组插管前即刻、插管后5、10 min BP降低,气管插管后即刻、2 min HR增快;R0.15组气管插管前后BP降低,HR气管插管前即刻、插管后5、10 min减减慢(P<0.05)。R0.05组气管插管反应的发生率(80%)高于R0.10组(20%)和R0.15组(10%)。R0.15组肌僵、低血压和心动过缓等副反应的发生率(70%)高于R0.10组(20%)(P<0.05)。R0.05组插管后2、5、10 min 及R0.10组气管插管后2、5min NE、E浓度均高于基础值,且高于R0.15组;R0.15组气管插管后2、5 min NE高于基础值,E插管前后无差异(P>0.05)。结论 老年患者输注瑞芬太尼诱导气管插管的合适速率为0.10 μg·kg-1·min-1。 [关键词] 哌啶类;血液动力学现象;老年人 The effects of infusion remifentanil at different rates on tracheal intubation and stress response in older patients ZHANG Wei,WANG Zhong-yu,QING Shu-mei,et al. Department of Anesthesiology,First Affiliated Hospital,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China [Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effects of infusion remifentanil at different rates on tracheal intubation in older patients. Methods Thirty patients aged 65-80 yr undergoing elective operation on abdominal region were randomly divided into 3 groups according to infusion rate of remifentanil: group R0.05, R0.10 and R0.15(0.05,0.10 and 0.15μg·kg-1·min-1). Anesthesia was induced with remifentanil infusion at above-mentioned rates. 10 min later, midazolam 0.1 mg·kg-1 was given. When the patients lost consciousness, succinylcholine 1.5mg·kg-1 was given i.v. to facilitate intubation. Arterial blood pressure(BP) and heart rate (HR)were recorded before induction and before, 2, 5 and 10min after tracheal intubation. Intravenous blood samples were taken at corresponding moment to determine plasma norepinephrine(NE)and epinephrine(E)concentration by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Tracheal intubation response and side effects,such as chest wall rigidity, hypotensive, were also recorded. Results Compared with baseline before induction, BP, HR were significantly higher at after and 2 min of tracheal intubation in group R0.05 (P<0.05); BP were significantly lower at before and 5 and 10 min after tracheal intubation, HR were increased at after and 2 min of tracheal intubation in group R0.10. BP were lower at before and 2, 5 and 10 min after tracheal intubation and HR were decreased at before and 5 and 10 min after tracheal intubation in group R0.15(P<0.05). The rate of tracheal intubation response were appeared more frequently in group R0.05(80%)than in group R0.10(20%)and group R0.15(10%).There were more side effects happened in group R0.15(70%)than in group R0.10(20%). There were significant increases in plasma NE, E at 2, 5 and 10 min after tracheal intubation in group R0.05 and at 2 and 5 min after tracheal intubation in group R0.10 than baseline and in group R0.15 (P<0.05); Plasma NE concentration were significant increases at 2 and 5 min after tracheal intubation than baseline and there were no significant difference in plasma E before and after tracheal intubation in group R0.15. Conclusion The appropriate rate of remifentanil infusion is 0.10μg·kg-1·min-1 in older patients anesthesia induction. 【Key words】 Piperidines; Hemodynamic phenomena; Aged | 年龄是影响瑞芬太尼药代动力学和药效学的重要因素之一[1],根据老年药代动力学模型,老年人的瑞芬太尼单次用量应减半,持续输注速率应减至正常成人的1/3左右[2],快速单次静脉注射瑞芬太尼容易引起肌僵等不良反应[3],本研究拟观察老年患者持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼诱导气管插管时应激反应的变化,探讨老年患者瑞芬太尼麻醉诱导的合适输注速率。 资料与方法 病例选择与分组 30例择期上腹部手术老年患者, ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,年龄65~75岁,体重50~80kg,无精神、神经疾病史;心、肺、肝、肾等重要脏器功能未见异常;无长期服用阿片或安定类药物史;近期未使用单胺氧化酶抑制剂。随机分为瑞芬太尼(批号:050401,湖北宜昌人福药业有限公司)0.05 μg·kg-1·min-1组(R0.05组)、0.10 μg·kg-1·min-1组(R0.10组)和0.15 μg·kg-1·min-1组(R0.15组),每组10例。 麻醉方法 术前30 min肌肉注射苯巴比妥钠和阿托品0.5 mg。入室后吸氧,常规补液,监测心电图、血压和脉搏氧饱和度,局麻下行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管备采血、桡动脉置管监测动脉血压。上述操作完成后患者平稳10 min(基础值),三组均采用TCI-Ⅱ型输液泵(北京思路高公司)分别以0.05 μg·kg-1·min-1、0.10 μg·kg-1·min-1、0.15 μg·kg-1·min-1的速率输注瑞芬太尼开始麻醉诱导,10min后静脉注射咪唑安定(批号:B1206,Hoffmann-La Roche公司,瑞士)0.10 mg/kg,意识消失后静脉注射琥珀胆碱(批号:04082045,上海禾丰制药公司)1.5 mg/kg,15 min时行气管插管(同一有经验麻醉医生施行)。插管后机械通气,VT:8~10 ml/kg,呼吸频率10次/min。以瑞芬太尼、异丙酚4.5mg·kg-1·h-1持续静脉输注和阿曲库铵 0.2mg·kg-1间断静脉注射维持麻醉。 0.1 g 观测指标及方法 记录基础值、诱导后气管插管前即刻、气管插管后即刻、气管插管后2、5、10 min收缩压(SP)、舒张压(DP)、心率(HR);于相应时点采集锁骨下静脉血3 ml注入肝素抗凝试管,下6000 r/min离心10min,取上清血浆于保存。采用高效液相-电化学法[4]检测(日本岛津LC-6A型高效液相色谱仪)肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度(新乡医学院分析测试中心测定)。记录插管反应(标准:气管插管开始至插管后2 min内的SP高于基础值的15%或HR高于基础值的15%)发生情况,躯干肌肉僵硬(正常通气量下气道压大于 H2O)、低血压(SP<80 mmHg,持续1 min 以上)、心动过缓(HR小于55次/min)等副反应的发生情况。30cm-80℃0℃ 统计学处理 采用SPSS11.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差( ± s)表示,组间和组内比较采用重复测量数据的方差分析;计数资料采用χ2检验,率的比较采用Fishers精确概率法进行分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结 果 三组一般情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。 与基础值比较,R0.05组气管插管后即刻、2 min BP升高,HR增快;R0.10组插管前即刻、插管后5、10 min BP降低,气管插管后即刻、2 min HR增快;R0.15组气管插管前后BP降低,HR气管插管前即刻、插管后5、10 min减慢,(P<0.05)。见表2。R0.05组气管插管反应的发生率(80%)高于R0.10组(20%)和R0.15组(10%)。R0.15组肌僵、低血压和心动过缓等副反应的发生率(70%)高于R0.10组(20%)(P<0.05)。与基础值比较,R0.05组插管后2、5、10 min 及R0.10组气管插管后2、5 min NE、E浓度均升高,且高于R0.15组;R0.15组气管插管后2、5 min NE升高,E差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
与基础值比较 ,*P<0.05 讨 论 机体儿茶酚胺(CA:NE和E)水平的变化是反映应激反应强弱的重要指标之一。有报道显示伤害性刺激下CA显著升高,并以气管插管和腹腔探查后1 min为著[5-7]。能够及时反映伤害性刺激的程度。本研究采用高效液相-电化学法检测血浆CA,结果快速、灵敏、准确[4]。结合临床工作中常规的动脉血压、心率等血液动力学监测指标,对应激反应变化的评价更为客观、可靠。通过预试验,估算瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管反应的持续静脉输注速率应在0.05~0.15µg.kg-1.min-1范围内。 本试验三组肌僵发生率均很低,与所采用的持续静脉输注给药方式有关。持续输注给药需历时5个消除半衰期,血药浓度才能基本达到预期稳态浓度[8]。瑞芬太尼消除半衰期短,开始输注至稳态浓度非常迅速(约5 mim达稳态浓度的70%,10 min达稳态的95%)[9],所以本研究采用从气管插管前15 min开始瑞芬太尼静脉输注诱导,以保证插管时瑞芬太尼的血药浓度达稳态。 本研究结果显示,R0.05组的气管插管前后血液动力学波动较大插管反应发生率高; R0.15组在多个时点出现SP、DP降低和HR减慢,低血压、心动过缓等副反应发生率高,R0.10组对血液动力学的控制更为平稳。从血浆NE、E浓度的波动分析,R0.15组能充分抑制气管插管刺激后E的升高,其它两组则不能。三组气管插管后NE短时间内均明显升高。虽然R0.15组NE升高较R0.05组幅度低,但并不能完全抑制NE释放反应,这可能是由于NE的释放是中枢性的,无论是低剂量或高剂量的瑞芬太尼均不能完全抑制伤害性刺激引起的NE释放[10]。因此,E比 NE更能反映即时的应激反应强弱;R0.15组对插管刺激后应激激素水平的控制较好。此结论与R0.10组对血液动力学的控制更平稳不完全一致。说明充分控制应激反应并不等同于临床要求的血液动力学平稳。阿片类药物复合镇静药物虽然对伤害性刺激引起的应激反应有抑制作用,但并不能完全消除应激反应而达到无应激状态[11]。所以临床工作中不能一味追求无应激而加大用药剂量,因为加大用药剂量的同时副作用的发生可能增加。本试验给药方式下,R0.10组对气管插管心血管反应及应激反应的控制已能满足临床要求。 综上所述,老年患者持续输注瑞芬太尼诱导气管插管的合适速率为0.10 μg·kg-1·min-1。 参 考 文 献 1 Minto CF, Schnider TW, Egan TD, et al.Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil: I. model development. Anesthesiology,1997,86:10-23. 2 Minto CF,Schnider TW,Shafer SL. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil: II. model application .Anesthesiology,1997,86 :24-33. 3 Bouillon T, Bruhn J, Radu-Radulescu L,et al. A model of ventilatory depressant potency of remifentanil in a non-steady state . Anesthesiology, 2003, 99:779-787. 4 刘文弟,齐伟,郑惠良.高效液相色谱-电化学检测法同时测定人血浆中的组织胺和去甲肾上腺素.色谱,1999,17:80-82. 5 Breslow MJ.The role of stress hormones in perioperative myocardial ischemia during surgery .Int Anesthesiol Clin,1992,30:81-100. 6 Bernard JM,Pinand M,Maquin-Mavier I,et al.Hypotensive anesthesia with isoflurane and enflurane during total hip replacement:a comparative study of catecholamine and renin angiotensin responses. Anesth Analg,1989,69:467-472. 7 Halter JB,Pflug AE,Porte D Jr.Mechanism of plasma catecholamine increases during surgical stress in man.J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1977,45:936-944. 8 段世明.药代动力学的基本原理.见:陈伯銮,主编.临床麻醉药理学.第1版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2000.11. 9 盛娅仪,徐振邦.瑞芬太尼的药理学和临床应用.中国新药与临床杂志,2001,20:142-146. 10 Myre K, Raeder J, Rostrup M,et al.Catecholamine release during laparoscopic fundoplication with high and low doses of remifentanil. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003,47:267-273. 11 邓硕曾.应激与无应激麻醉.临床麻醉学杂志,2003,19:574-575.
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