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再灌注期吸入异氟醚对不同程度大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

时间:2010-08-23 17:13:07  来源:  作者:

Effects of isoflurane inhalation during reperfusion on different degrees of global cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury in rats<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

Abstract:Objective  Isoflurane preconditioning has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemiareperfusion (I/R)injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate if isoflurane inhalation during reperfusion has any protective effects. Methods  Fourty-two SD rats weighing 318-365 g were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham group(n=6), control group (n=18)and isoflurane group (n=18) . Control group and isoflurane group were further divided into 10,15and20min ischemia subgroups (subgroup A ,B, C, n=6). In isoflurane group 1.4% isoflurane in air was inhaled immediately after reperfusion was started for 30 min . Two days before the experiment the animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal chloral hydrate 300 mg?kg-1. Microdialysis catheter was inserter into right hippocampus using stereotactic techmique and fixed . BIS microelectrodes were placed in the brain . Vertebral arteries were permanently occluded by electric coagulation. Bilateral common carotid arteries wereexposed and atraumatic sutures were placed around them . Globol cerebral iscelectric was produced by tightening carotid sutures and maintained for 10,15,or 20 min (subgroup A, B, C). Cerebral ischemia was confirmes by loss of righting reflex , dilated pupils, loss of light reflex , BSI=0 and isoelectric potential on EEC. Carotid sutures were then released for reperfusion . Isoflurane inhalation was started right after the beginningof reperfusion and maintained for 30 min. Neurologic outcome was assessed by motor performance according to Combs (0-10,0 =severe dysfunction, 10 = no dysfunction ) at 24 h , 48 h and 72 h of reperfusion . Microdialysis samples were collected before during and 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, and 45-60 min after ischemia for determination of glutamate concentraion. Three days after ischemia the animals were sacrificed and brains were removed for microscopic examination of hippocampus CAI region. The number of apoptotic (TUNEL positive) neurons were counted and the percentage (the number of TUNEL positive neurons /the total number of neurons) was calculated . Results  The glutamate content in hippocampus was significantly lower in isoflurane group than in contzol group during reperfusion (P<0.05). The motor performance scores were significantly higher in isoflurane group than in control group after 15 min ischemia (subgroup B). The percentage of apoptotic neurons was significantly lower in isoflurane group and control group than in sham group (P<0.05).The percentage of apoptotic neurons was dignificantly lower in isoflurane group than in control group after 10 and 15 min ischemia (subgroup A and B)(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups after 20 min ischenia (subgroupC)in terms of the percentage of apoptotic neurons and motor performance. Conclusion  Isoflurane inhalation during early period of reperfusion has protective effects on the brain against mild to moderate I/R injury by suppressing the glutamate content in hippocampus.
 Key words:Isoflurane; Brain ischemia; Reperfusion injury ; Excitatory amino acids; Apoptosis

  有研究表明异氟醚预处理、异氟醚麻醉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,但于再灌注时吸入异氟醚对不同程度全脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护效应尚无定论。 因此本研究拟利用活体微透析技术观察全脑缺血及再灌注期间海马区谷安酸递质浓度变化,对脑缺血后的神经功能进行评价,并观察脑缺血3d后海马CAI区的神经细胞计数及凋亡率,探讨再灌注时吸入异氟醚对不同程度全脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护效应及其神经递质机制。

  材料与方法
  动物选择及分组  雄性SD大鼠42只,体重318-365g(中国医学科学院所提供),随机分为假手术组(n=6)、对照组(n=18)和复苏组(n=18),后两组建立清醒全脑缺血模型,复苏组于再灌注开始后立即吸入1。4%异氟醚(采用德国Drager Sulla 909麻醉机及挥发罐,浙江大学医学仪器厂产动物呼吸机)30min,而对照组于再灌注开始后吸入新鲜空气。后两组按全脑缺血时间不同又分为缺血10、15、20min三个时间点,每个时间点6只大鼠。
  微透析导引管(瑞典)和脑电双频谱指数(BIS)微电极的植人  缺血前2d,腹腔注射水合氯醛300mg/kg麻醉后,将大鼠俯卧位固定在ASI小动物立体定位仪上,身下铺CMA/150型自动温度控制器(瑞典)的加热板,肛门内置入温度探头,设定自动温度控制器的温度为37。4°C。参考大鼠脑立体定位图谱,利用立体定位仪标记微透析导引管位置(右海马区),其坐标为前囟后2。8mm、右2mm、深3mm。然后再标记出微电极位置,以前囟为零点,对称后2mm,旁开1。5mm处为二个记录电极点。用XL-30W高速钻(日本)的直径为2mm空心钻头,在上述导引管标记部位钻孔3个,将固定螺丝拧至1mm的小孔直至硬膜。利用立体定位仪垂直降低微透析导引管至所需深度,并植人银丝微电极,用牙托粉进行固定。
  清醒全脑缺血模型的建立、BIS监测、微透析标本的采集及谷安酸递质的测定  植人微透析导引管和微电极后,电凝烧闭椎动脉,缝合皮肤。仔细游离双侧颈总动脉,用7-0无损伤血管线圈记双侧颈总动脉,并从颈背部引出;再用另2根无损伤血管线分别栓记以上2根血管线并从颈前部引出,缝合皮肤,套上固定项圈。插入微透析探针(CMA/10,瑞典,透析膜内径0。05mm,长度为1mm,能通过分子量最大为20000道尔顿)。用微透析(瑞典)采集微透析标本。微量泵内充入Ringer氏液(mmol/L):NaCl147、KCL4。0、CaCl2 22.2),调节泵流速为2pl/min持续泵注,将前60min作为平衡期,然后收集3次,每次20min,作为清醒基础值。每次使用微透析探针前,均进行效能测定,新探针回收率约20%,回收率低于15%弃之不用。用HXD-1型多功能监护仪(华翔公司,中国)监测BIS。清醒微透析标本收集完毕,收紧圈记颈动脉的两根无损伤血管线,用小止血钳固定住,假手术组不进行该项操作。脑缺血成功的标志为:大鼠30~60s内翻正反射消失;瞳孔散大,对光反射消失,BIS=0,脑电图呈等电位,不符标准者弃之不用。翻正反射消失后,身下铺自动温度控制器,温度探头插入直肠内,自动调整温度定为37。4°C。收集缺血期间微透析标本,所取得标本立即放于冰箱内-20°C保存。缺血结束后,松开止血钳,利用颈前拉出进行再灌注后0~15、15~30、30~45、45~60min微透析标本,并立即置于-20°C冰箱中保存将收集的微透析标本用Savant浓缩干燥仪(美国Savant公司)进行干燥,然后用AccQ. Tag试剂盒(Waters公司)进行AccQ. TagTM3.9×150m氨基酸分析柱,Waters 996二级管阵列检测器,Waters2690泵,美国WATERS公司)分析标本谷安酸递质浓度。
  运动功能评分  采用Comds等的方法于再灌注后24、48、72h双盲运动功能评分。
  病理学观察  缺血再灌注第3天,运动功能评定完毕,腹腔注射水合氯醛300mg/kg麻醉,切开颈部缝合皮肤,检查双侧颈总动脉是否通畅,如有血栓则弃之不用,然后迅速取脑,并用10%甲醛固定24~48h,脱水、石蜡包埋后,在距中线2mm处进行矢状切片,片厚5pm,HE染色,每张切片光镜(×400)下选5个视野,双盲记数海马CAI区核完整的锥体细胞数,右半球进行微透析引导管位置观察,位置不符者弃之不用。
  细胞凋亡测定  采用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶缺口标记(TUNE)法(试剂盒由丹麦DAKO公司提供)。光镜下观察切片,取每张切片5个高倍视野,双盲计数TUNEL阳性细胞数和总细胞。计算TUNEL阳性细胞的百分率(TUNEL阳性细胞数/总细胞数×100%)。
  统计学处理  计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,用SPSS12。0软件进行统计分析,组间比较用独立样本t检验,P<0。05为差异有统计学意义。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

结果<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

  所有大鼠阻断双侧颈总动脉后均符合全脑缺血模型成功标准,缺血再灌注后3d,检查双侧颈总动脉均通畅,微透析引导管观察未见位置不符者。
  缺血10、15、20min后再灌注0~15min,与对照组相比,复苏组海马组织谷氨酸递质浓度降低(P<0。05)。见表1
  各组大鼠的运动功能基础评分均为9分,与基础评分相比,全脑缺血15、20min对照组和复苏组再灌注后24、48、72h的运动功能评分降低(P<0。05),而全脑缺血10、20min的复苏组大鼠于再灌注后24、48、72 h的运动功能评分差异无统计学意义(<0.05)。

结论

  缺血、缺氧可导致严重的神经细胞损伤,但再灌注期间可产生大量氧自由基、一氧化氮以及血小板激活因子、肿瘤坏死因子-a、白介素-1β等炎性介质,引起神经细胞进一步受到损害,因此再灌注引起的细胞损伤同样不可忽视。临床上的脑缺血多是突然发生的,具有不可预知性,因此如何于再灌注期间采取有效的干预措施对于减轻缺血再灌注后的损伤尤为必要。基于以上考虑,本研究于脑缺血后立即吸入IMAC异氟醚。
  本研究通过微透析技术观察大鼠全脑缺血及再灌注期间海马区谷氨酸递质变化,结果显示异氟醚可降低再灌注早期谷氨酸递质浓度。再灌注期间异氟醚的干预,虽然不能通过突触前制减少全脑缺血期间谷氨酸递质大量释放,但由于异氟醚可显著增强星形胶质细胞对谷氨酸的摄取,因此可以促进脑缺血期间过度释放的谷氨酸递质于再灌注期的吸收。
  全脑缺血再灌注后3d的运动功能评分结果显示,全脑缺血10min再灌注后并未出现明显的运动功能障碍;对于全脑缺血15min,再灌注早期吸入异氟醚可明显加强缺血再灌注后的神经功能恢复;对于20min的全脑缺血,异氟醚却没有显示出上述的复苏效应。
  通过观察全脑缺血再灌注后3d海马CAI区神经细胞计数以及细胞凋亡率,异氟醚对全脑缺血10及15min后再灌注显示了明显的脑保护效应。对于较严重的全脑缺血(缺血20min)再灌注,异氟醚则没有这种保护作用。
  已有研究证实异氟醚可不同程度降低脑基础代谢率;减少缺血缺氧时兴奋性氨基酸递质的释放;通过直接制NMDA受体活性或通过增强GABA能的制作用来间接地降低NMDA受体活性,对抗兴奋性氨基酸引起的神经损伤;也有研究表明异氟醚可通过降低粘附作用而制中性粒细胞的活性。本研究结果显示异氟醚吸入对全脑缺血10、15min后再灌注均产生了脑保护作用,其机制与促进脑缺血期间过度释放的谷氨酸递质于再灌注期的吸收有关。但对于缺血20min再灌注却未显示出保护效应,显示出其保护效应的局限性,其原因有两种可能,第一可能是由于缺血再灌注损伤过于严重,对保护措施不敏感;第二可能是本研究采用的给药方式或给药时机的保护作用有限,是否其他方式或时机及更高浓度的异氟醚是否会产生更强的保护效应仍有待于进一步探讨。

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