四、治疗可能性和未来方向 凋亡广泛参与疾病的病理生理学,有助于治疗的介入。因细胞增加丧失引起的疾病,如病毒性肝炎及神经退化性疾病,目的是改变激发反应的信号(如钙离子、ROS)或干扰效应器(如caspase 和核酸内切酶)。但是,抑制凋亡可能使之恶化,因为当受损细胞被防止自杀,新的肿瘤可能发生。因缺少凋亡引起的疾病,如癌、潜伏病毒及自身免役等,均寻找一种产生选择性凋亡的方法。可溶性Fas对增加凋亡(如肿瘤细胞)证明是有用的。治疗慢性炎性疾病,如风湿性关节炎及溃疡性结肠炎,用TNF-α抑制剂曾取得成功,降低Bcl-2可使癌细胞恢复对化学或放射治疗的敏感性。Caspase作为特殊抑制剂的治疗是值得注意的。ICE抑制剂可抑制许多种细胞凋亡,在脓毒血症和慢性炎症及神经退化性疾病中可能有一定作用。 对癌肿的治疗,已发现抗癌药可导致肺癌细胞凋亡。可引起凋亡的化学药物包括烷基化物(环磷酰胺、自力霉素、氮介类)、局部异构酶抑制剂Ⅱ(阿酶素)、地塞米松、抗代谢产物(氨甲喋呤、5-氟尿嘧啶)、微管分裂剂(长春新碱、长春花碱)等。放射治疗和细胞毒性药产生DNA损伤以增强凋亡。如P53缺失则可对化疗产生抵抗。激活P53对新生物重新得到化疗敏感性是强有力的,可使肿瘤凋亡。尼古丁已知可抑制人类肺癌凋亡。 皮质类固醇导致嗜曙红细胞凋亡,用以治疗哮喘病人还可引起巨噬细胞吞噬。检测哮喘病人气道分泌物了解其过程可提示临床疗效好坏。 脑、心、肝、肾的缺血再灌注受损区域都存在凋亡,进一步了解其分子机制必然会为临床带来新的保护性治疗措施。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 参考文献 1. Martin SJ. Apoptosis: suicide, execution or murder? Trends in Cell Biology 1993,3: 141-4. 2. Wyllie AH. Apoptosis: an overview. British Medical Bulletin 1997, 53:451-65. 3. Thatte U, Dahanukar S. Apoptosis-clinical relevance and pharmacological manipulation. Drugs 1997, 54: 511-32. 4. Earnsgaw WC. Nuclear changes in apoptosis. Current Opinions in Cell Biology 1995, 7:337-43. 5. Rudin CM, Thompson CB. Apoptosis and disease: regulation and clinical relevance of programmed cell death. Annual Review of Medicine 1997, 48:267-81. 6. Savitz SJ, Daniel BA. Apoptosis in neurological diseases. Neurosurgery 1998[42]555-72. 7. Santana P, Pena LA. Acid sphingomyelinase deficient lymphoblasts and mice are defective in radiation-induced apoptosis. Cell 1996, 86: 189-99. 8. Brown R. The Bcl-2 family of proteins. British Medical Bulltin 1996, 53 : 466-77. 9. Thornberry NA. Control of apoptosis by proteases. Advances in Pharmacology 1997, 41: 155-77. 10. Bogler O. The p53 gene and its role in human brain tumors .Glia 1995, 15: 308-27. 11. Narula J. Apoptosis and the heart. Chest 1997, 112: 1358-62. 12. Eckert PG. Apoptosis and the immune system. British medical bulletin. 1997, 53: 591-603. 13. Haslett C. Granulocyte apoptosis and inflammatory disease. British medical bulletin 1997, 53:669-83. 14. Young LS. Viruses and apoptosis. British medical bulletin. 1997, 53: 509-21. 15. Ertel w. Circulating mediators in serum of injured patients with septic complications inhibit neutrophil apoptosis through up-regulation of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation. Journal of trauma 1998, 44: 767-75. 16. Bellamy CO. P53 and apoptosis. British medical bulletin. 1997, 53: 522-38. |