3. 与咪唑安定协同<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 瑞芬太尼用于神经阻滞或区域麻醉时的辅助时,可以增强镇痛镇静效果。瑞芬太尼的ED50为0.043μg/kg-1/min-1,为了达到OAA/ S镇静评分为2时(observer’sassessment of alertness/ sedation,范围为1-5,根据病人反应、言语质量、眼球流泪和面部表情),滴速应为0.05-0.123μg/kg-1/min-1,与咪达唑仑2mg合用时,滴速可降到0.065μg/kg-1/min-1,但输注瑞芬太尼后呼吸频率会明显降低。若呼吸率降至<8次/min-1,呼吸暂停15s,SpO2≤90 %或PETCO2>6.7 kPa时,应停止滴注或降低滴速,3min就可恢复正常[5]。 4. 呼吸抑制协同作用可能的原因: 瑞芬太尼呼吸抑制的协同作用十分迅速而显著,可能的原因也十分复杂。可能包括药代动力学方面:如镇静药使得瑞芬太尼血浆蛋白结合率减低、清除率降低,药物有效浓度增加。而药效动力学方面则可能由于两者共同作用于呼吸中枢的不同受体,从而影响自主呼吸调控的的不同环节和CO2通气反射通路的不同位置,联合应用时两种效应相互叠加,导致呼吸自主节律,呼吸频率,吸呼时间比都受到不同程度的影响。另外镇静作用也会协同增强,导致呼吸遗忘增加,呼吸暂停发生率增加,呼吸抑制难以纠正。 五、结语: 瑞芬太尼作为新型镇痛药,其超短效的优势在临床应用中很有前景,然而呼吸抑制等不良反应虽然持续很短暂,但也会较严重。因此,我们更主张应用多模式的镇痛方式和适度的镇静,包括配合应用局麻药(利多卡因、罗哌卡因等),辅助应用NSAIDS、小剂量氯胺酮、曲马多或α2受体激动剂等来获得满意的麻醉与镇痛。 参考文献 1. Cohen J,and Royston D. Remifentanil. Current Opinion in Critical Care 2001,7:227-231. 2. 王若松. 静脉麻醉与药物输注学. 北京:人民军医出版社,2001:138. 3. 许欣,李强. 阿片受体与呼吸调控的研究. 实用医药杂志,2003,9(2):78-79. 4. Egan TD,Kern SE,Muir KT and White J. Remifentanil by bolus injection:a safety,pharmacokinetic,pharmacodynamic,and age effect investigation in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:335-343. 5. 盛娅仪,徐振邦.瑞芬太尼的药理学和临床应用.中国新药与临床杂志,2001;20 (2):142-146. 6. 王伟鹏,李立环主译. 临床麻醉学 第四版. 北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:303. 7. 艾登斌,马海燕主译. 临床麻醉手册. 北京:人民卫生出版社,2003:101. 8. Babenco HD,Conard PF,Gross JB. The pharmacodynamic effect of a remifentanil bolus on ventilatory control. Anesthesiology ,2000,92 :393-398. 9. Bowdle TA,Camporesi EM,Maysick L. A multicenter evalution of remifentanil for early postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg,1996,83:1292-1297. 10. Yarmush J,D'Angelo R,Kirkhart B. A comparison of remifentanil and morphine sulfate for acute postoperative analgesia after total intravenous anesthesia with remifentanil and propofol. Anesthesiology,1997;87(2):235-243. 11. Calderón E,Pernia A,Antonio PD. A comparison of two constant-dose continuous infusions of remifentanil for severe postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 2001;92:715-719. 12. Minto CF,Schnider TW,Egan TD. Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I model development. Anesthesiology,1997;86(1):10-23. 13. Dershwitz M,Hoke JF,Rosow CE. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in volunteer subjects with severe liver disease. Anesthesiology,1996;84(4):812-820. 14. 周仁龙,王珊娟. 老年人阿片类药物的药代动力学进展.国外医学麻醉学与复苏分册2004;25(1):39-40. 15. Albert D,Benjamin K. Recent advances in opioid pharmacology. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology,2001;14:405-410. 16. Blowin RT,Conard PF,Gross JB. Time course of ventilatory depression following induction dose of propofol and thiopental. Anesth Analg,1999;86:246. 17. Diederik JF,Nieuwenhuijs EO. Response surface modeling of remifentanil-propofol interaction on cardiorespiratory control and bispectral index. Anesthesiology,2003;98:312-22. 18. Murdoch JAC,Hyde RA,Ken GNC. Target-controlled remifentanil in combination with propofol for spontaneously breathing day-case patients.Anesthesia,1999,54:1028-1031. 19. Peacock JE,Luntley JB,Connor BO.Remifentanil in combination with propofol for spontaneous ventilation anesthesia.Br J Anaesth,1998;80:509-511. 20. Ma D,Chakrabarti MK,Whitwam JG.. The combined effects of sevoflurane and remifentanil on central respiratory activity and nociceptive cardiovascular responses in anesthetized rabbits. Anesth Analg,1999;89:453-61. 21. Biirkle H,Dunbar S. Remifentanil:A novel,short-acting,μ-opioid. Anesth Analg,1996;83:646-51. |