<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> (四)胎儿手术 胎儿口咽部或颈部肿块或其它可能影响新生儿气道通畅等病变需行胎儿手术。全麻下行剖宫产,胎儿头娩出,但需保持胎盘血运循环的完整,直到通过插管或手术操作确保胎儿气道的通畅。孕妇围手术期常服用吲哚美辛或硫酸镁保胎处理。术中吸入高浓度的麻醉药维持孕妇和胎儿的麻醉深度,保持子宫处于松弛状态。 (五)腹腔镜外科手术 妊娠不再是腹腔镜外科手术的禁忌证。妊娠期间腹腔镜手术常用于腹痛诊断不明确而有急症手术指征时的病人,以及胆囊切除术等[14,15]。与开腹手术比较,腹腔镜外科手术具有对胎儿影响小、切口小、术后疼痛轻、一般不需术后镇痛、术后卧床时间短、恢复快等特点[16]。妊娠期妇女的生理功能和解剖结构发生了一系例的变化,二氧化碳气腹时容易产生低氧血症、高碳酸血症和低血压反应。动物实验证实,CO2气腹并不会引起胎儿低氧血症和血流动力学显著改变,但是可导致胎儿呼吸性酸中毒。有报道采用N2O取代CO2进行气腹,以避免胎儿发生呼吸性酸中毒。术中应维持尽可能低的腹内压,并尽量缩短气腹和手术时间。此外,胆道造影时应注意对胎儿进行屏蔽保护。 五、小结 妊娠期间某些手术可能是不可避免的。围手术期需监测胎儿和保胎。麻醉期间应注意:①调整和维持母体在正常的生理功能状态;②调整和维持子宫-胎盘血流和氧输送;③避免药物对胎儿的不良影响;③避免刺激子宫平滑肌;④避免术中知晓的发生;⑤尽可能采用区域麻醉。 参考文献 1. Walton NKD,Melachuri VK. Anaesthesia for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia,2006,6(2):83-85. 2. Kuczkowski KM,Reisner LS,Benumof JL. Airway problems and new solutions for the obstetric patient. J Clin Anesth,2003,5(7):552-563. 3. Wong CA,Loffredi M,Ganchiff JN,Zhao J,et al. Gastric emptying of water in term pregnancy. Anesthesiology. 2002,96(6):1395-1400. 4. Gin T,Chan MT. Decreased minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in pregnant humans. Anesthesiology,1994,81(4):829-832. 5. Kuo CD,Chen GY,Yang MJ,Lo HM,Tsai YS. Biphasic changes in autonomic nervous activity during pregnancy. Br J Anaesth,2000,84(3):323-329. 6. Baraka A,Jabbour S,Tabboush Z. Onset of vecuronium neuromuscular block is more rapid in patients undergoing caesarean section. Can J Anaesth,1992,39(2):135-138. 7. Puhringer FK,Sparr HJ,Mitterschiffthaler G. Extended duration of action of rocuronium in postpartum patients. Anesth Analg,1997,84(2):352-354. 8. Goodman S. Anaesthesia for non obstetric surgery in the pregnant patient. Semin Perinatol,2002,26(2):136-145. 9. Mazze RI and Kallen B. Reproductive outcome after anaesthesia and operation during pregnancy:a registry study of 5405 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol,1989,161(5):1178-1185 10. Barron WM. Medical evaluation of the pregnant patient requiring non-obstetric surgery. Clin Perinatol,1985,12(3):481-496. 11. Giannini A,Bricchi M. Posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position in a pregnant patient with cerebellopontine angle meningioma. Br J Anaesth,1999,82(2):941-944. 12. Piotin M,de Souza Filho CBA,Kothimbakam R,Moret J. Endovascular treatment of acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysms in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol,2001,185(5):1261-1262. 13. Parry AJ,Westaby S. Cardiopulmonary bypass during pregnancy. Ann Thorac Surg,1996,1(6):1865-1869. 14. Affleck DG,Handrahan DL,Egger MJ. The laparoscopic management of appendicitis and cholelithiasis during pregnancy. Am J Surg,1999,178(6):523-529. 15. Shay DC,Bhavani-Shankar K,Datta S. Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Anesthesiol Clin North America,2001,19(1):56-57. 16. Reedy MB,Kallen B,Kuehl TJ. Laparoscopy during surgery:a study of 5 fetal outcome parameters with use of the Swedish Health Registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol,1997,177(3):673-679. |