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Clinical evaluation on the implanted intrathecal opioid delivery system for intractable pain Hong Xi, Gong Zhi Yi,*Tao wei, Ye Tie Hu, Ren Hongzhi, Huang Yuguang, *Wang Ren Zhi. Department of Anesthesiology, * Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China [Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety profile of implanted intrathecal drug(opioid) delivery system for the treatment of intractable pain. Methods 4 patients suffering from intractable pain were treated with intrathecal morphine using implanted drug delivery system for pain control. The clinical data were recorded and analyzed retrospectively. Results These patients included 2 cases of cancer pain, 2 cases of benign back pain after back operation ( Failed Back Syndrome). All of them had tried big doses of oral or introvenous strong opioid, with poor pain relief and intolerable side effects. Before the implantation, all patients had trial test, i.e, certain amount of morphine (referring to the daily systemic dosage) were injected into intrathecal or epidural space to test whether the pain relief would be satisfactory without severe side effects. The VAS scale decreased up to 50% or more after the intrathecal morphine, suggesting the positive result of trial test. They were then operated and the intrathecal drug delivery system were implanted. After the operation, the intrathecal morphine dosage were adjusted according to the pain VAS scale as well as the side effect profile. All the patients showed significant pain relief, without serious side effects. Conclusion The implanted intrathecal drug delivery system, by infusing analgesics directly into the target area(spinal cord and brain), proves to be effective for intractable pain control, with fewer side effect. As an invasive,expensive technique , its application should be cautious and trial test be done before the implantation. [Key word] intractable pain; implanted drug delivery system; opioid; trial test 疼痛是最常见的症状[1]。慢性疼痛较急性疼痛更难控制。疼痛的治疗有多种,包括心理治疗、理疗、有创性治疗和药物治疗等,后者最为常用。药物治疗主要遵循三阶梯原则,可使80%的病人得到满意镇痛(2)。然而,一些晚期癌痛及良性顽固性的疼痛,三阶梯治疗已经无法控制,并由此产生多种难以耐受的副作用,病人忍受极大的痛苦,严重影响生活质量[3]。 植入性鞘内药物输注系统(Implanted Intrathecal Drug Delivery System,IDDS)是将一个导管放置于蛛网膜下腔内,固定,导管连接于一个特制的输注泵,泵内储药,泵体放置于皮下,通过体外遥控装置调节药物输注的参数,根据需要进行调整。通过该装置持续鞘内给予吗啡,直接将药物注入蛛网膜下腔内,与脊髓及中枢的阿片类受体结合来发挥镇痛作用,用量只是系统用药的一小部分,避免了全身用药的副作用。同 时泵体全部置于体内,不易感染(5)。 该系统在国外应用已有二十余年,但在国内尚未见报道。 我院从2003年开始,由麻醉科与神经外科合作,将IDDS(Synchromed,Medtronic,U.S.A)用于顽固性疼痛治疗,现将4例病例加以总结。 对象与方法 术前情况:4例病人中,两例为晚期癌症患者,两例为良性疼痛,为多次脊椎手术后背部及下肢疼痛的患者(背部手术失败综合征,Failed Back Syndrome, FBS)。癌性疼痛中,第一例为60岁患晚期胰腺癌的男性,腰背部剧烈疼痛,疼痛VAS评分可达10分。口服大剂量美施康定,每日达420mg,仍不能控制,同时出现严重的恶心呕吐、便秘、嗜睡、尿潴留等。第二例为48岁男性,纵膈恶性细胞瘤合并小脑转移,胸背部疼痛,每日口服美施康定达500mg,加多瑞吉(经皮控释芬太尼贴剂)15mg/d,疼痛未得到满意缓解,VAS评分8-9分, 并出现与第一例相似的严重副作用,无法耐受。两例良性疼痛均为背部手术失败综合征,一例(第三例)为81岁女性,腰腿痛10余年,近期行椎管减压术后疼痛明显加重,阿片类药物镇痛效果不满意。一例(第四例)为71岁男性,双下肢疼痛,多次脊椎手术不能缓解,长期服用美施康定(最大量60mg Q12h),度冷丁肌注(可达100mg)。各种治疗均无效。曾在外院行脊髓电刺激试验性治疗,效果不佳。合并下肢血栓形成和抑郁症(见表1)。 背部手术失败综合征(Failed Back Syndrome,FBS):慢性的背部腿部疼痛,由不确定的病理变化或外科治疗引起的脊髓神经根损伤,病人常接受过多次背部手术,但仍存在疼痛。没有明确引起疼痛的病理改变[6]。 诊治经过 筛选试验:拟行鞘内药物输注泵植入手术之前,均进行筛选试验。两例癌痛病人分别在清醒状态下由麻醉科医生在手术室内进行蛛网膜下腔穿刺。筛选试验前一天的镇痛用药减量50%,当天的镇痛药停用。穿刺成功、脑脊液阳性的时候在蛛网膜下腔放置一根硬膜外导管后回病房,停用其他镇痛药物,待病人发作剧烈疼痛时,经导管向蛛网膜下腔单次给予吗啡,两例病人的用量分别为0.5mg和0.4mg(根据以往服用剂量而定,见讨论部分)。询问病人的疼痛VAS评分,并观察有无过度镇静、呼吸抑制、瘙痒、低血压、四肢麻木等副作用。两例病人均在10分钟左右测定VAS评分从10分下降至1-2分,同时无明显副作用,证实筛选试验成功。两例良性疼痛的病人,则是均在近期接受过硬膜外置管给予吗啡镇痛,自述疼痛缓解良好,可视为筛选试验成功[7](见表1)。 手术:筛选试验成功后,四例病人均择期在常规全身麻醉下行IDDS植入术。将导管放置于蛛网膜下腔内,导管头在T10平面左右,固定,采用C型臂透视确定位置。将泵体充满药物后埋植于下腹部皮下。手术过程顺利,病人全麻清醒后返病房。 药物调整:根据既往用药量、病人的一般情况(如年龄、体重等)等选择鞘内吗啡的初始剂量,然后根据疼痛VAS评分和副反应情况增减剂量。 结 果 四例病人中,癌痛的两例病人术前吗啡的消耗量为400-500mg/天,按照口服阿片类药物换算成鞘内给药量的公式(约300/1)[1],我们选择了吗啡1-2mg/24h作为初始输注剂量,根据疼痛程度滴定药量。术后两周左右,鞘内吗啡的用药量分别调整至2.5mg和5mg,VAS评分降至3分,系统用药显著减量或停用,副作用明显减轻。之后,酌情调整药量使VAS在3分左右。两例病人分别在泵植入术后4个月和2.5个月时将吗啡用量调整至7-8mg/24h(剂量调整趋势见图1)。为改善镇痛质量和减少用量,采用吗啡和罗哌卡因联合鞘内应用,溶液中吗啡和罗哌卡因的比值为3:1,用量调整为吗啡3.75mg/24h+罗哌卡因1.25mg/24h, 镇痛效果改善,VAS评分可达0-1分。 两例病人自鞘内泵植入后的生存期分别为135天和101天。 FBS的病人中,第三例81岁女性病人术前两天出现精神症状,谵忘、被害妄想,另外尿潴留、吞咽困难、认知和定向障碍。手术后初始剂量设为吗啡0.5mg/24h,VAS0-1分,患者有嗜睡、定向力障碍,后因疼痛将吗啡剂量调整为0.75mg/24h,但患者嗜睡加重,同时考虑再次行椎管手术,停止鞘内给药治疗。另外一例(即第四例)FBS病人手术后,根据以往用药量将初始剂量设定为0.2mg/24h,小量上调(每次增加0.2mg/24h左右),术后8天时为0.9mg/24h,VAS评分2-3分,系统用药减少,无显著副作用。到目前手术后2个月,鞘内吗啡的用量调整至6mg/24h(最大的一次调整增加了0.9mg/24h),VAS评分3-4分,无恶心呕吐、便秘、过度镇静等副作用出现(剂量调整趋势见图1)。 不良事件中,第一例病人术后出现小腿水肿,疑与鞘内应用吗啡有关(水潴留,见讨论中并发症部分),后来病人发现了深静脉血栓,可能是导致下肢水肿的原因。吗啡中添加罗哌卡因后一周,病人出现大小便轻度失禁,考虑可能与病情发展有关。第四例病人术后三天左右出现一侧大腿外侧的疼痛(术前疼痛主诉主要为小腿痛),可能与鞘内放置导管的过程刺激神经根有关,两天后自行消失。两例非癌痛病人在镇痛治疗的同时维持抗抑郁治疗。 表1.一般资料
结论 将IDDS用于顽固性疼痛,是对三阶梯治疗的有效补充。我们应用的四例病人,镇痛效果是确实的,远期应用还需长期的观察和评估。对于有经济条件、生存期大于三个月、各种方法都无法缓解疼痛而使生活质量大受影响的病人来说,这是一个提供有效镇痛的可选治疗方法。 参考文献 1、 Timothy Deer, Wolfhard Winkelmuller, Serdar Erdine, et al. Intrathecal therapy for cancer and nonmalignant pain: selection and patient management. Neuromodulation. 1999; 2: 55-66 2、 Levy M. Pharmacologic management of cancer pain. Semin Oncol 1994; 21: 718-239 3、 Lamer TJ. Treatment of cancer-related pain: when orally administered medications fail. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69: 473-480 4、 Lamotte C, Pert CB, Snyder SH. Opiate receptor binding in primate spinal cord: distribution and changes after dorsal root section. Brain Res 1976; 112: 407-412 5、 Kanoff RB. Intraspinal delivery of opiates by an implantable, programmable pump in patients with chronic, intractable pain of nonmalignant origin. JAOA 1994; 94: 487-493 6、 Omigui S. Tutorial 24: Therapeutic modalities of chronic pain syndromes. Pain Digest. 1996; 6: 171-181 7、 Penn RD, Paice JA. Chronic intrathecal morphine for intractable pain. J Neurosurg. 1987;67: 182-186 8、 Krames ES. Intrathecal infusion therapies for intractable pain: patient management guidelines. J Pain Symptom manage 1993;8: 36-46 9、 Rauck RL, Cherry D, Boyer MF, et al. Long-term intrathecal opioid therapy with a patient-activated, implanted delivery system for the treatment of refractory cancer pain. J Pain.2003;4(8): 441-7 10、 Paice JA, Penn RD, Shott S. Intraspinal morphine for chronic pain: a retrospective, multicenter study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1996;11: 71-80 11、 Samuel J.Hassenbusch, Jason Garber, Eric Buchser, et al. Alternative intrathecal agents. Neuromudulation.1999;2(2):85-91 12、 Winkelmuller M, Winkelmuller W. Long-term effects of continuous intrathecal opioid treatment in chronic pain of nonmalignant etiology. J Neurosurg. 1996; 85: 458-467 13、 Eisenach JC. Three novel spinal analgesics: clonidine, neostigmine, amitriptyline. Reg Anesth 1996; 21: 81-83 14、 Portenoy RK, Savage SR. Clinical realities and economic considerations: special therapeutic issues in intrathecal therapy-tolerance and addiction. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997; 14(Suppl.): S27-S35 15、 Mueller-Schwefe G. Criteria for measuring outcomes of intrathecal therapy. Presented at 4th International Congress of the International Neuromodulation Society; September 20 1998; Lucerne, Switzerland 16、 Klaus Naumann, Serdar Erdine, Athanasios Koulousakis, et al. Drug adverse events and system complications of intrathecal opioid delivery for pain: origins,detection,manifestations, and management. Neuromodulation 1999; 2(2): 92-107 17、 Etches RC, Sandler AN, Daley MD. Respiratory depression and spinal opioids. Can J Anaesth 1989; 36: 165-185 18、 Bailey PL, Rhondeau S, Schafer PG, et al. Dose-response pharmacology of intrathecal morphine in human volunteers. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 49-59 19、 Koulousakis A, Imdahl M, Weber M. Continuous intrathecal application of morphine in cancer pain. Proceedings of the 8th world congress 1998 |
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