3 PARs家族在脓毒症中的作用
最近的研究表明,凝血蛋白因子Ⅴ、Ⅶa、Ⅹa以及凝血酶可诱导靶细胞(包括内皮细胞和白细胞)发生一个或更多的炎症反应,例如:IL6/IL8的生成,白细胞黏附分子或血小板激活因子的合成和释放等〔22〕,这一系列反应是由跨膜受体家族PARs所介导的。PARs家族是一组细胞表面受体,通过G蛋白影响细胞功能,它包括从PAR1到PAR4共4个成员,其中低浓度血浆凝血酶水平可激活PAR1,高浓度则可激活PAR3和PAR4〔22,23〕。凝血酶激活PAR1已被证明可引起炎症细胞因子和化学增活物的表达,并促进新月形肾小球肾炎的炎症反应〔22,24〕。内毒素和炎症因子亦可导致培养的内皮细胞表达PAR2和PAR4〔25〕。而且PAR2可促进白细胞翻滚,并介导关节炎的慢性炎症反应〔26〕。许多研究表明TFⅦa和TFⅦaⅩa复合物可激活PAR2〔27〕,Ⅹa可激活PAR1和PAR2〔28〕。已有研究证实,脑膜炎球菌血症时,较高的PAI1水平比脑膜炎更能预示脓毒性休克的发展,提示有较高的病死率。有人提出假设,认为抗TF抗体和TFPI的抗炎作用是部分因为它们能抑制凝血蛋白的产生,从而阻断PARs介导的生物效应。总之,研究表明凝血蛋白激活各种PARs可能促进内毒素血症和脓毒症时的炎症反应〔29〕。
4 与凝血有关的脓毒症治疗研究进展
鉴于凝血蛋白在促进炎症反应中的作用,因此人们推测抑制凝血系统的活化可以抑制失控的炎症反应,因此目前,人们将更多的目光投向寻找一个疗效肯定的抗凝药物。
4.1 三大临床抗凝试验:已证明TFPI、ATⅢ、重组人活化蛋白C(APC)在动物脓毒症模型中具有保护作用,可抑制凝血和炎症反应。虽然三者在动物实验和Ⅱ期临床试验中均有降低死亡率的作用,但Ⅲ期临床试验结果却显示,只有重组人APC能显著降低血浆D二聚体、IL6水平及28 d病死率(安慰剂组30.8%,APC组24.7%)〔30〕。
4.1.1 APC:Bernard等〔30〕于1998年7月—2000年6月进行了PROWESS(The protein C worldwide evaluation in severe sepsis)研究,共有来自11个国家、164个中心的1 690例患者参与本研究。入选患者符合如下标准:已明确有感染或临床资料提示可能存在感染的患者,24 h内符合全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)指标中的3项以上以及至少合并1个感染所引起的器官功能不全。其中850例接受了APC治疗,重组APC的剂量为24 μg•kg-1•h-1,静脉滴注持续96 h;840例接受安慰剂治疗。结果显示:APC组在接受治疗后1~7 d血浆D二聚体水平明显低于对照组,IL6水平在接受治疗后1、4、5、6和7 d的下降幅度明显高于对照组,28 d病死率APC组(24.7%)较安慰剂组(30.8%)明显下降(P=0.005),绝对病死率下降6.1%,相对死亡风险下降19.4%〔30〕。对入选患者随访发现,3个月病死率APC组同样明显低于安慰剂组〔31〕。而且有研究还发现:随着病情严重程度的增加,患者从APC治疗中的获益增加,对于急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分≥25分的患者,APC组较安慰剂组病死率下降(APC组31%,安慰剂组44%),而APACHEⅡ评分<25分的患者,两组间病死率无差别(APC组19%,安慰剂组19%)〔32〕。另外,APC组患者的呼吸机使用天数、从开始治疗到休克纠正的时间、呼吸衰竭纠正的时间均较安慰剂组明显缩短〔33〕;对比两组之间的不良反应,APC组出现严重出血的几率高于安慰剂组(APC组3.5%,安慰剂组2.0%,P=0.06),但这种差异仅仅表现在APC用药期间,用药结束以后两组之间的出血发生率无明显差异,且出血主要发生在有出血倾向的患者,例如消化道溃疡、凝血系统明显异常〔活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)>120 s,血小板计数持续低于30×109/L〕以及有深静脉置管等患者〔30〕。因此美国食品和药品管理局(FDA)对该药使用作了严格的限定,仅推荐用于APACHEⅡ评分≥25分的多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)、脓毒性休克、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)和对出血风险没有绝对禁忌的患者〔34〕。有意思的是,在APC治疗期间,D二聚体水平持续下降,但用药结束后,其水平反而升高,但同安慰剂组相比,其水平仍明显降低,提示:脓毒症影响凝血是一个持续的长期过程,适当延长APC的参考文献:
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基金项目:北京市科技计划重大项目(2002641)
作者单位:100050首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院感染内科
作者简介:苏艳丽,女,医学硕士,医师。