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对脑死亡病人实施呼吸暂停试验安全性的临床研究

时间:2010-08-23 13:38:26  来源:  作者:

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Safety of apnea testing in clinical determination of brain death

马朋林1,杨明施2,李秦1,欧郝2,彭月2,苏瑾文1,赵金柱1

MA PenglinYANG MingshiLI QinOU HaoPENG YueSHU Jinwen.

The Emergency and Critical Care Medicine DepartmentThe Second Affiliated HospitalGeneral Hospital of PLABeijing100091China.

 

Abstract

  ObjectiveTo evaluate the occurrence of severe complications such as hypotensionpulmonary artery hypertension as well as hypercapnia during apnea testing in determination of brain deathand to investigate the possible effective prophylactic interventions.

  MethodsConventional apnea test was performed in fifteen clinical suspected brain death patients. Stable circulation was achieved by adjusting preload onlyN4or combined with titrating norepinephrine NEN11. Blood gas was respectively analyzed before apnea testing10 minutes after 100 FiO2 ventilationat each 2 minutes interval after ventilator disconnect and 5 minutes after reventilation. Hemodynamic parameters and dosage of NE were recorded at the same time points. Plasma concentration of lactate was measured before and at the end of apnea testing.

  ResultsSpontaneous breath occurred in one case among fifteen suspected brain death patients. PaCO2 higher than 60mmHg was achieved within 8 minutes in positive apnea test patients. pH significantly decreasedp<0.05),but PaO2 keep higher than 100 mmHg during testing. HR and MAP slightly decreasedp>0.05),but PAP markedly increasedp<0.05 at the end of testing in comparison with their base lines. On other handHR and MAP increased in the negative apnea test case after ventilator disconnection. Severe arrhythmia events were not occurred in all cases. Dosage of NE infusion was not changed. HRMAP and PAP alternations were shown in the same trends in patients no matter whether or not NE was used. Plasma lactate level was not significantly altered at the end of testing compared with base linefrom 1.41±0.05mmol/l to 1.47±0.07mmol/l.

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  ConclusionAdequate oxygenation could be kept during conventional apnea testing. It is less risk of inducing severe hypotension in non brain death patients. Based on adequate preload low dose of NE infusion could prevent patients with high risk circulation instability from severe hypotension.

  Key wordsApnea testingBrain deathSafety

 

  脑死亡的临床诊断对有限医疗资源的合理使用及挽救急需器官移植病人具有重要的临床及社会意义[1]。呼吸暂停试验是一项判断脑干功能是否丧失的重要临床指标,在脑死亡的诊断过程中起十分关键的作用。但临床上发现,目前大多数国家和地区所采用的传统呼吸暂停试验方法尽管能保证PaO2>100mmHg,不发生低氧血症,但低血压、肺动脉高压、室性心律失常以及呼吸性酸中毒等严重并发症时有报道[23]。我们也曾在犬脑死亡模型上验证上述问题的存在[4]。上述并发症,尤其是严重低血压,有可能进一步加剧脑及其它重要器官功能损害,因此,全面评价传统呼吸暂停试验时上述并发症的发生情况,以及探索严重低血压等并发症的有效预防措施具有重要的临床意义。

 

资料与方法

  1.1 病例选择:20035月至20056月期间,在解放军总医院第二附属医院ICU、中南大学湘雅三医院ICU,征得院科委会同意并与患者家属签订知情同意书后,按以下标准共收集临床可疑脑死亡病例15例。入选标准:(1)年龄:1865岁。(2)深昏迷48小时后,有明确昏迷原因:A.原发性脑损伤,包括脑外伤、脑血管疾病等;B.继发性脑损伤:如心跳骤停、麻醉以外、溺水、窒息等。(3)脑干反射消失(由神经内科主治医师参与判断)。(4)无自主呼吸[5]。排除标准:(1)原因不明的昏迷。(2)可逆性昏迷:如急性中毒,低温、电解质紊乱、代谢及内分泌障碍。(3)严重心律失常:频发室早,或更严重者。(4)严重电解质紊乱。(5100%纯氧机械通气10分钟PaO2<200mmHg,病人一般资料见表1

  1.2 呼吸暂停试验方法:试验前准备:经桡动脉置管以及颈内静脉置入SwanGanz导管(7F),连接多功能心电监护仪。测量核心温度,不足36.5℃时以电热毯升温;调整前负荷,维持动脉收缩压大于100mmHg,不足时应用血管活性药物维持(去甲肾上腺素);调整机械通气参数使PaCO2至正常范围(3545mmHg)。传统呼吸暂停试验:开始以100%纯氧机械通气10分钟后(PaO2>200mmHg)断开呼吸机,以6 L/Min氧气经气管导管吹入,每2分钟行床旁血气分析(iSTAT血气分析仪),待PaCO2上升超过60 mmHg或比基础值上升20mmHg后(48分钟)继续观察1分钟,记录呼吸动作。有呼吸动作者试验结果为阴性,表明脑干存在呼吸中枢功能,反之则试验结果为阳性,脑干功能丧失[1]。试验结束后重新给予机械通气(FiO250%,其余参数不变)。于试验前、吸入纯氧后、脱机4Min、脱机68Min以及重新上机后5Min采集动脉血2ml行血气分析,记录心率(HR)、桡动脉平均压(MAP)、平均肺动脉压(PAP)、肺毛细血管楔入压(Pawp)以及血管活性药物用量,试验前及试验结束后采血测定血乳酸浓度。试验过程中严密监护,如出现自主呼吸、严重心率失常、低血压(收缩压<90mmHg),经皮血氧饱和度<90%,立即终止试验,重新给予机械通气。

  .3 统计分析:试验数据采用双因素方差分析(F检验),出现统计学意义后行Q检验,比较各时间点数据间统计学差异。组间比较采用t检验。

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结 果

  2.1 一般资料:

  15例病人中,男性11例,女性4例,平均年龄43.7±12.1岁。引起昏迷的原因中,脑外伤病人8例,脑出血4例,另外3例为溺水和自缢。所有病例Glasgow昏迷程度评分均为3分(表1)。15例病人中14例结果为阳性;1例阴性。

  2.2 呼吸暂停试验对血流动力学的影响:

  脱离呼吸机4分钟内,14例结果阳性患者HRMAP无明显变化,68分钟时,即PaCO2上升超过60 mmHg或超过基础值20 mmHg后,HRMAP轻度下降,但无统计学意义;与基础值比较,PAP显著升高(p<0.05,表2)。试验过程中,Pawp保持相对稳定(表2),并且无严重心律失常发生。4例病人未用任何血管活性药物(无NE组),所有给予去甲肾上腺素(NE组)维持循环的病人呼吸暂停试验时,泵入NE剂量无改变,NE的基础用量在0.10.6μg/kg/min范围,平均0.23±0.17μg/kg/min。使用或未使用NE的两组病人HRMAP变化趋势基本一致,PAP均在试验过程中升高,但两组间比较无显著差异(表3)。

  2.3 呼吸暂停试验时血气的变化及对血乳酸浓度的影响

  脱机后PaCO2上升,于第4分钟升高超过50mmHg,除1例出现自主呼吸结束试验外,其余病例8分钟内PaCO2上升均超过60mmHg。随着PaCO2上升,pH值下降,与基础值比较,于68分钟出现显著差异(p<0.05)。虽然脱机后PaO2逐步下降,其绝对值均保持在100 mmHg以上,无低氧血症发生(表4)。与基础值比较,实验结束时血乳酸浓度无明显变化(1.41±0.05mmol/l1.47±0.07mmol/l)。

  

 

24、呼吸暂停试验结果阴性患者血流动力学及血气变化

  1例呼吸暂停试验结果阴性,该患者38岁女性,昏迷原因为自缢。脱机后心率加快,血压上升,于第6分钟,PaCO2上升到52 mmHgpH 7.21)后出现自主呼吸,停止试验,重新给予机械通气后循环恢复平稳(表5)。

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