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控制性低血压复合高容量血液稀释在颅颌面外科手术中的应用

时间:2010-08-23 13:39:23  来源:  作者:

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Deliberate hypotension combined with hypervolemic hemodilution used in craniomaxillofacial surgery

 

张亚军1 胥琨琳2 安刚3

1.中日友好医院麻醉科,北京 100029;2.中国医学科学院整形外科医院麻醉科,北京 100041;3.大连医科大学第一附属医院麻醉科,辽宁大连 116033)

ZHANGYajun,XUKunlin,ANGang

Department of Anesthesiology,ChinaJapan Friendship Hospital,Beijing,100029,China

 

Abstract

  Objective:Deliberate hypotension combined with hypervolemic hemodilution is being widely used for blood conservation in surgical patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of deliberate hypotension combined with profound hemodilution in the craniomaxillofacial surgery.

  Methods:Three children were performed deliberate hypotension combined with profound hemodilution in the craniomaxillofacial surgery. Deliberate hypotension was induced with nitroprusside or isoflurane to maintain mean arterial pressure at 50mmHg~65mmHg.Hypervolemic hemodilution was produced by preoperative infusion of lactated Ringer’s Solution and Gelofusine,intraoperative hematocrit values were 20~30 %.Blood loss and transfusion requirements were measured.

  Results:Blood loss was decreased over 80%,banked blood transfusion was reduced effectively ,operation field was clear.

  Conclusion:It is safe to perform delibarate hypotension combined with hypervolemic hemodilution and this technique can provide effective blood conservation in the craniomaxillofacial surgery.

  Key words:Deliberate hypotension,hypervolemic hemodilution,blood conservation,craniomaxillofacial surgery

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Deliberate hypotension combined with hypervolemic hemodilution used in craniomaxillofacial surgery

 

张亚军1 胥琨琳2 安刚3

1.中日友好医院麻醉科,北京 100029;2.中国医学科学院整形外科医院麻醉科,北京 100041;3.大连医科大学第一附属医院麻醉科,辽宁大连 116033)

ZHANGYajun,XUKunlin,ANGang

Department of Anesthesiology,ChinaJapan Friendship Hospital,Beijing,100029,China

 

Abstract

  Objective:Deliberate hypotension combined with hypervolemic hemodilution is being widely used for blood conservation in surgical patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of deliberate hypotension combined with profound hemodilution in the craniomaxillofacial surgery.

  Methods:Three children were performed deliberate hypotension combined with profound hemodilution in the craniomaxillofacial surgery. Deliberate hypotension was induced with nitroprusside or isoflurane to maintain mean arterial pressure at 50mmHg~65mmHg.Hypervolemic hemodilution was produced by preoperative infusion of lactated Ringer’s Solution and Gelofusine,intraoperative hematocrit values were 20~30 %.Blood loss and transfusion requirements were measured.

  Results:Blood loss was decreased over 80%,banked blood transfusion was reduced effectively ,operation field was clear.

  Conclusion:It is safe to perform delibarate hypotension combined with hypervolemic hemodilution and this technique can provide effective blood conservation in the craniomaxillofacial surgery.

  Key words:Deliberate hypotension,hypervolemic hemodilution,blood conservation,craniomaxillofacial surgery

讨 论<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

  3.1必要性

  颅颌面外科手术操作同时涉及开颅及颌面各层次解剖。本报道LeFortⅢ式截骨手术主要用于中面部发育不全的患者,它从头皮作矢状切口,将鼻骨、上颌骨、眶骨与颅底相互离断后重新整形,并需要大量的颅骨外板作为组织充填物来修复面部缺损,从而改善整个面中部畸形。该手术在头皮及多处颅、颌骨造成断端,很难彻底止血,如术中不采用控制性低血压,在长达10h左右的手术中,其出血量之多是不言而喻的。某些手术操作步骤,如鼻颌后部的离断,位置深且暴露区域狭小,出血使定位及操作更加困难,如没有控制性低血压的配合,手术几乎无法进行。我们采用的控制性低血压,使术区骨断端渗血明显减少,术野软组织干燥。在截骨等步骤,手术者要求并等待将血压降得更低,有效降低了渗血,才能使手术继续进行。

  3.2安全性与有效性

  控制性低血压是一种安全的具有血液保护效果的特殊麻醉技术[1~3]。国内外学者在小儿手术中采用MAP40mmHg~50mmHg的低血压水平,认为低血压麻醉可使术野干燥,保证手术顺利进行[4]。与既往的报道相比,我们的低血压维持时间更长,但亦未见与低血压相关的并发症。

我们采用的高容量血液稀释在控制性低血压下分两步进行。第一步在麻醉诱导后放全血200ml(主要用于手术后期提供新鲜凝血因子),同时以3倍放血量的胶体溶液与1.5倍放血量的晶体溶液扩容置换。置换后可使血球压积下降至30%左右。第二步是随手术进行,失血仍由上述比例的晶体、胶体混合液补充。因而血液不断稀释。到手术主要出血步骤时,血液稀释水平为红细胞压积在25%~30%之间。但本文病例由于意外原因,小儿术中红细胞压积长时间低于20%,故术中出血的平均红细胞压积为接近20%的稀释血。患者术前红细胞压积为40%左右,所以术中因血液稀释减少的红细胞损失约50%,即单纯高容量血液稀释就减少手术失血近50%。控制性低血压本身可以减少手术出血60%~80%,本文病例在此基础上由于血液稀释使红细胞丢失再减少一半,因而我们所用方法对减少患儿失血的作用应在80%以上。

  患儿在血液稀释开始时,前1h快速输入近900ml液体(其间放血200ml),纯入量为700ml,约为患儿血管内容量30%。该3例患儿的高容量血液稀释及我们应用经验表明,在这种心肺功能正常的患者,用扩血管药物进行控制性低血压同时,短时间快速输入患儿血容量30%左右的胶体、晶体溶液,中心静脉压一般无明显变化(维持在6mmHg~8mmHg之间),也未见心衰、肺水肿的征象,而红细胞压积可快速降低1/3。

  人类对急性贫血(而不是失血)的耐受力出乎我们的传统认识。根据全身氧供氧耗平衡关系的研究,健康人可耐受的最低血红蛋白为4g/dl[5]。辅助低温时,最低血红蛋白可低至2.3g/dl[6]。甚至4%的红细胞压积维持4h患者仍可存活。本文3例由于供血不及时原因,意外使红细胞压积降低到14%~15%较长时间,其中一例因血液稀释过度,脉搏氧饱和度(Datax监护仪)已无法测出血色素的红外波变化而显示监测暂停(Pulsesearching)信号。我们并不提倡在临床常规进行这种极度血液稀释,但此病例的正常恢复也给我们某些启示。

  3.3控制性低血压联合高容量血液稀释的优点

  单纯控制性低血压至MAP50mmHg时,肾血流量不可避免会降低(肾血流自主调节能力低限为70mmHg),而出现暂时少尿的现象。联合应用血液稀释后,明显的变化是患儿尿量显著增多(低压期间平均85ml/h)。此现象表明肾血流量充足,也间接说明了控制性低血压与血液稀释联合应用时组织灌注较单纯控制性低血压有明显改善。

  3.4稀释液的选择

  我们所输胶体液血定安系改良的液态明胶,大量输注后不干扰交叉配血与网状内皮系统,但可引起稀释性凝血异常。我们使用大量血定安后补充了新鲜冰冻血浆与浓缩血小板,因而未见稀释性凝血障碍导致的异常出血。另外,在中心静脉压监测下行高容量血液稀释,术后未见肺水肿与其他组织器官的水肿。

  综上所述,控制性低血压与高容量血液稀释联合是一种有效减少术中失血的可行方法,对改善单纯控制性低血压的组织微循环、改善单纯血液稀释的渗血及组织水肿有明显的效果,值得进一步研究。

 

参考文献

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2. 陈莲华,俞文玉,马维玲,等.控制性低血压在耳显微外科手术中的应用[J].中华麻醉学杂志,1996,16(9):443.

3. Precious DS,Splinter W,Bosco D. Induced hypotensive anesthesia for adolescent orthognathic surgery patients[J] . J oral maxillofac Surg,1996,54(6):6802683.

4. 李立环,张瑞香,孙红.硝酸甘油复合维拉帕米施行控制性低血压[J].中华麻醉学杂志,1995,15(5):2292230.

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